Abstract
Quantum coherence is an important enabling feature underpinning quantum computation. However, because of couplings with its noisy surrounding environment, qubits suffer from the decoherence effects. The dynamical decoupling (DD) technique uses pulse-induced qubit flips to effectively mitigate couplings between qubits and environment. Optimal DD eliminates dephasing up to a given order with the minimum number of pulses. In this paper, we first introduce our recent work on prolonging electron spin coherence in γ-irradiated malonic acid crystals and analyze different decoherence mechanisms in this solid system. Then we focus on electron spin relaxation properties in another system, phosphorous-doped silicon (Si:P) crystals. These properties have been investigated by pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). We also investigate the performance of the dynamical decoupling technique on this system. Using 8-pulse periodic DD, the coherence time can be extended to 296 μs compared with 112 μs with one-pulse control.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Nielsen M A, Chuang I L. Quantum Computation and Quantum Information. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000
Shor P W. Scheme for reducing decoherence in quantum computer memory. Phys Rev A, 1995, 52: 2493–2496
Steane A M. Error correcting codes in quantum theory. Phys Rev Lett, 1996, 77: 793–797
Knill E. Quantum computing with realistically noisy devices. Nature, 2005, 434: 39–44
Duan L M, Guo G C. Preserving coherence in quantum computation by pairing quantum bits. Phys Rev Lett, 1997, 79: 1953–1956
Zanardi P, Rasetti M. Noiseless quantum codes. Phys Rev Lett, 1997, 79: 3306–3309
Lidar D, Chuang I L, Whaley K B. Decoherence-free subspaces for quantum computation. Phys Rev Lett, 1998, 81: 2594–2597
Viola L, Knill E, Lloyd S. Dynamical decoupling of open quantum systems. Phys Rev Lett, 1999, 82: 2417–2421
Kern O, Alber G. Controlling quantum systems by embedded dynamical decoupling schemes. Phys Rev Lett, 2005, 95: 250501
Khodjasteh K, Lidar D A. Fault-tolerant quantum dynamical decoupling. Phys Rev Lett, 2005, 95: 180501
Santos L F, Viola L. Enhanced convergence and robust performance of randomized dynamical decoupling. Phys Rev Lett, 2006, 97: 150501
Yao W, Liu R B, Sham L J. Restoring coherence lost to a slow interacting mesoscopic spin bath. Phys Rev Lett, 2007, 98: 077602
Witzel W M, Das Sarma S. Concatenated dynamical decoupling in a solid-state spin bath. Phys Rev B, 2007, 76: 241303
Uhrig G S. Keeping a quantum bit alive by optimized π-pulse sequences. Phys Rev Lett, 2007, 98: 100504
Lee B, Witzel W M, Das Sarma S. Universal pulse sequence to minimize spin dephasing in the central spin decoherence problem. Phys Rev Lett, 2008, 100: 160505
Yang W, Liu R B. Universality of Uhrig dynamical decoupling for suppressing qubit pure dephasing and relaxation. Phys Rev Lett, 2008, 101: 180403
Biercuk M J, Uys H, VanDevender A P, et al. Optimized dynamical decoupling in a model quantum memory. Nature, 2009, 458: 996–1000
de Lange G, Wang Z H, Ristè D, et al. Universal dynamical decoupling of a single solid-state spin from a spin bath. Science, 2010, 330: 60–63
Naydenov B, Dolde F, Hall L T, et al. Dynamical decoupling of a single electron spin at room temperature. arXiv: 1008.1953v2
Ryan C A, Hodges J S, Cory D G. Robust decoupling techniques to extend quantum coherence in diamond. Phys Rev Lett, 2010, 105: 200402
Hahn E. Spin echoes. Phys Rev, 1950, 80: 580–594
Schweiger A, Jeschke G. Principles of Pulse Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001
Du J F, Rong X, Zhao N, et al. Preserving electron spin coherence in solids by optimal dynamical decoupling. Nature, 2009, 461: 1265–1268
McConnell H M, Heller C, Cole T, et al. Radiation damage in organic crystals. I. CH(COOH)2 in malonic acid. J Am Chem Soc, 1960, 82: 766–775
Dalton L R, Kwiram A L, Cowen J A. Electron spin-lattice and cross relaxation in irradiated malonic acid. Chem Phys Lett, 1972, 14: 77–81
Yang W, Liu R B. Quantum many-body theory of qubit decoherence in a finite size spin bath. Phys Rev B, 2008, 78: 085315
Kane B E. A silicon-based nuclear spin quantum computer. Nature, 1998, 393: 133–137
Tyryshkin A M, Lyon S A, Astashkin A V, et al. Electron spin relaxation times of phosphorus donors in silicon. Phys Rev B, 2003, 68: 193207
Stegner A R, Boehme C, Huebl H, et al. Electrical detection of coherent 31P spin quantum states. Nat Phys, 2006, 2: 835–838
McCamey D R, Huebl H, Brandt M S et al. Electrically detected magnetic resonance in ion-implanted Si:P nanostructures. Appl Phys Lett, 2006, 89: 182115
Lo C C, Bokor J, Schenkel T, et al. Spin-dependent scattering off neutral antimony donors in Si-28 field-effect transistors. Appl Phys Lett, 2007, 91: 242106
Morello A, Pla J J, Zwanenburg F A. Single-shot readout of an electron spin in silicon. Nature, 2010, 467: 687–691
Feher G. Electron spin resonance experiments on donors in silicon I: Electronic structure of donors by the electron nuclear double resonance technique. Phys Rev, 1959, 114: 1219–1244
Orbach R. Spin-lattice relaxation in rare-earth salts. Proc Phys Soc Lond Ser A, 1961, 264: 458–484
Lyon S A. Relaxation of candidate electron spin qubits. In: Smulko J M, Blanter Y, Dykman M, et al, eds. Noise and Information in Nanoelectronics, Sensors, and Standards II. 2004, 5472: 97–106
Tyryshkin A M, Morton J J R, Benjamin S C, et al. Coherence of spin qubits in silicon. J Phys-Cond Matter, 2006, 18: S783
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Rights and permissions
This article is published under an open access license. Please check the 'Copyright Information' section either on this page or in the PDF for details of this license and what re-use is permitted. If your intended use exceeds what is permitted by the license or if you are unable to locate the licence and re-use information, please contact the Rights and Permissions team.
About this article
Cite this article
Rong, X., Wang, Y., Yang, J. et al. Dynamical decoupling of electron spins in phosphorus-doped silicon. Chin. Sci. Bull. 56, 591–597 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-010-4321-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-010-4321-y