Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cambrian integrative stratigraphy and timescale of China

  • Review
  • Published:
Science China Earth Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Cambrian Period is the first period of the Phanerozoic Eon and witnessed the explosive appearance of the metazoans, representing the beginning of the modern earth-life system characterized by animals in contrary to the Precambrian earth-life system dominated by microbial life. However, understanding Cambrian earth-life system evolution is hampered by regional and global stratigraphic correlations due to an incomplete chronostratigraphy and consequent absence of a highresolution timescale. Here we briefly review the historical narrative of the present international chronostratigraphic framework of the Cambrian System and summarize recent advances and problems of the undefined Cambrian stage GSSPs, in particular we challenge the global correlation of the GSSP for the Cambrian base, in addition to Cambrian chemostratigraphy and geochronology. Based on the recent advances of the international Cambrian chronostratigraphy, revisions to the Cambrian chronostratigraphy of China, which are largely based on the stratigraphic record of South China, are suggested, and the Xiaotanian Stage is newly proposed for the Cambrian Stage 2 of China. We further summarize the integrative stratigraphy of South China, North China and Tarim platforms respectively with an emphasis on the facies variations of the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary successions and problems for identification of the Cambrian base in the different facies and areas of China. Moreover, we discuss stratigraphic complications that are introduced by poorly fossiliferous dolomite successions in the upper Cambrian System which are widespread in South China, North China and Tarim platforms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahn S Y, Zhu M Y. 2017. Lowermost Cambrian acritarchs from the Yanjiahe Formation, South China: Implication for defining the base of the Cambrian in the Yangtze Platform. Geol Mag, 154: 1217–1231

    Google Scholar 

  • All China Commission of Stratigraphy. 2002. Explanatory Memorandum of the Regional Chronosytratigraphic Chart (Geological Time Table) of China (in Chinese). Beijing: Geological Publishing House. 1–72

  • Álvaro J J, Ahlberg P, Babcock L E, Bordonaro, O L, Choi D K, Cooper, R A, Ergaliev G K, Gapp I W, Pour M G, Hughes N C, Jago J B, Korovnikov I, Laurie J R, Lieberman B S, Paterson J R, Pegel T V, Popov L E, Rushton A W A, Sukhov S S, Tortello M F, Zhou Z Y, Zylinska A, 2014. Global Cambrian trilobite palaeobiogeography assessed using parsimony analysis of endemicity. In: Harper D A T, Servais T, eds. Early Palaeozoic Palaeobiogeography and Palaeogeography. Geol Soc Lond Memoirs, 38: 273–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Amthor J E, Grotzinger J P, Schröder S, Bowring S A, Ramezani J, Martin M W, Matter A. 2003. Extinction of Cloudina and Namacalathus at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary in Oman. Geology, 31: 431–434

    Google Scholar 

  • An T X, Zhang F, Xiang W D, Zhang Y Q, Xu W H, Zhang H J, Jiang D B, Yang C S, Lin L D, Cui Z T, Yang X C. 1983. The Conodonts of North China and the Adjacent Regions (in Chinese with English abstract). Beijing: Science Press. 223

    Google Scholar 

  • Aubry M P, Ouda K, Dupuis C, Berggren W A, van Couvering J A, the Members of the Working Group on the Paleocene/Eocene Boundary. 2007. The global standard stratotype-section and point (GSSP) for the base of the Eocene Series in the Dababiya section (Egypt). Episodes, 30: 271–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Babcock L E, Peng S, Geyef G, Shergold J H. 2005. Changing perspectives on Cambrian chronostratigraphy and progress toward subdivision of the Cambrian System. Geosci J, 9: 101–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Babcock L E, Peng S, Zhu M, Xiao S, Ahlberg P. 2014. Proposed reassessment of the Cambrian GSSP. J Afr Earth Sci, 98: 3–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Babcock L E, Robison R A, Peng S C. 2011. Cambrian stage and series nomenclature of Laurentia and the developing global chronostratigraphic scale. Museum Northern Arizona Bull, 67: 12–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Babcock L E, Robison R A, Rees M N, Peng S C, Saltzman M R. 2007. The global boundary stratotype section and point (GSSP) of the Drumian Stage (Cambrian) in the Drum Mountains, Utah, USA. Episodes, 30: 85–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagnoli G, Peng S C, Qi Y P, Wang C Y. 2017. Conodonts from the Wa’ergang section, China, a potential GSSP for the uppermost stage of the Cambrian. Riv Paleontol Strat, 123: 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagnoli G, Qi Y P, Zuo J X, Du S X, Liu S C, Zhang Z Q. 2014. Integrated biostratigraphy and carbon isotopes from the Cambrian Tangwangzhai section, North China. Palaeoworld, 23: 112–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Benton M J. 1995. Diversification and extinction in the history of life. Science, 268: 52–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergeron J N. 1899. Étude de quelques trilobites de Chine. Bulletin de la Société Géologique du France, Series 3, 27: 499–516

    Google Scholar 

  • Betts M J, Paterson J R, Jago J B, Jacquet S M, Skovsted C B, Topper T P, Brock G A. 2016. A new lower Cambrian shelly fossil biostratigraphy for South Australia. Gondwana Res, 36: 176–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackwelder E. 1907. Stratigraphy of Shantung. In: Willis B, Blackwelder E, Sargent R H, eds. Descriptive Topography and Geology. Research in China, Vol. 1. Pt. 1. Carnegie Inst Washington Publ, 54: 19–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowring S A, Grotzinger J P, Condon D J, Ramezani J, Newall M J, Allen P A. 2007. Geochronologic constraints on the chronostratigraphic framework of the Neoproterozoic Huqf Supergroup, Sultanate of Oman. Am J Sci, 307: 1097–1145

    Google Scholar 

  • Brasier M D, Cowie J, Taylor M. 1994a. Decision on the Precambrian- Cambrian boundary. Episodes, 17: 3–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Brasier M D, Corfield R M, Derry L A, Rozanov A Y, Zhuravlev A Y. 1994b. Multiple δ13C excursions spanning the Cambrian explosion to the Botomian crisis in Siberia. Geology, 22: 455–458

    Google Scholar 

  • Brasier M D, Magaritz M, Corfield R, Luo H, Wu X, Ouyang L, Jiang Z, Hamdi B, He T, Fraser A G. 1990. The carbon- and oxygen-isotope record of the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary interval in China and Iran and their correlation. Geol Mag, 127: 319–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Buatois L A. 2017. Treptichnus pedum and the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary: Significance and caveats. Geol Mag, 155: 174–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Buggisch W, Keller M, Lehnert O. 2003. Carbon isotope record of Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician carbonates of the Argentine Precordillera. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 195: 357–373

    Google Scholar 

  • Bushuev E, Goryaeva I, Pereladov V. 2014. New discoveries of the oldest trilobites Profallotaspis and Nevadella in the northeastern Siberian Platform, Russia. Bull Geosci, 89: 347–364

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang W T. 1980. A review of the Cambrian of China. J Geol Soc Aust, 27: 137–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen D, Wang J, Qing H, Yan D, Li R. 2009. Hydrothermal venting activities in the Early Cambrian, South China: Petrological, geochronological and stable isotopic constraints. Chem Geol, 258: 168–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen D, Zhou X, Fu Y, Wang J, Yan D. 2014. New U-Pb zircon ages of the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary strata in South China. Terra Nova, 27: 62–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen J Y, Gong W L. 1986. Conodonts. In: Chen J Y, ed. Aspects of Cambrian-Ordovician Boundary in Dayangcha, China. Beijing: China Prospect Publishing House. 93–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen J Y, Zhang J M, Nicoll R S, Nowlan G S. 1995. Carbon and oxygen isotope in carbonate rocks within Cambrian-Ordovician boundary interval at Dayangcha, China. Acta Palaeont Sin, 34: 393–409

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen J Y, Zhou G Q, Zhu M Y, Yeh G Y. 1996. The Chengjiang biota: A unique window of the Cambrian explosion (in Chinese). Taichung: National Museum of Natural Science. 222

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen J Y, Zou X P, Chen T E, Qi D L. 1979. Late Cambrian Ellesmerocerida (cephalopoda) of North China (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Palaeont Sin, 18: 103–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Chen X, Zhou C M, Yuan X L, Xiao S H. 2018. Late Ediacaran trackways produced by bilaterian animals with paired appendages. Sci Adv, 4: eaao6691

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Zhou C M, Meyer M, Xiang K, Schiffbauer J D, Yuan X L, Xiao S H. 2013. Trace fossil evidence for Ediacaran bilaterian animals with complex behaviors. Precambrian Res, 224: 690–701

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiang N J, Wang Z Z, Cheng Y G. 1964. Cambrian stratigraphy of eastern Yunnan (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Geol Sin, 44: 137–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Compston W, Zhang Z, Cooper J A, Ma G, Jenkins R J F. 2008. Further SHRIMP geochronology on the early Cambrian of South China. Am J Sci, 308: 399–420

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowie J W. 1964. The Cambrian period. In: Harland W B, Gilbert S A, Wilcock N, eds. The Phanerozoic Time-scale: A Symposium. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ, 1: 255–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowie J W, Glaessner M F. 1975. The Precambrian-Cambrian boundary: A symposium. Earth-Sci Rev, 11: 209–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowie J M, Ziegler W, Boucot A J, Bassett M G, Remane J. 1986. Guidelines and statutes of the international commission on stratigraphy (ISC). Cour Forsch-Inst Senckenberg, 83: 1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Dames W. 1883. Cambrische Trilobiten von Liaonung. In: Richthofen F, ed. Beiträge zur Paläontologie von China. Besondere Ausgabe von F v Richthofens China. Part 4. Berlin: Verlag von Dietrich Reimer. 3–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Demindenko Y E, Parkhaev P Yu, Rozanov A Yu. 2012. Morphological variability and types of preservation of Mobergella radiolata—A potential index species for the GSSP of Cambrian Stage 3. J Guizhou Univ, 29: 157–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Deprat J. 1912. Pt. I, Géologie Générate. In: Depart J, Mansuy H, eds. Etude géologique du Yunnan Oriental. Mém Servo Géol Indochine, v.I, Fasc. I.: 1–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Devaere L, Clausen S, Steiner M, Álvaro J J, Vachard D. 2013. Chronostratigraphic and palaeogeographic significance of an early Cambrian microfauna from the Heraultia Limestone, northern Montagne Noire, France. Palaeont Electron, 16: 17A. 1–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong L, Song W M, Xiao S H, Yuan X L, Chen Z, Zhou C M. 2012. Microand Macrofossils from the Piyuancun Formation and their implications for the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary in southern Anhui (in Chinese with English abstract). J Stratigr, 36: 600–610

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong L, Xiao S H, Shen B, Zhou C M, Li G X, Yao J X. 2009. Basal Cambrian microfossils from the Yangtze Gorges area (south China) and the Aksu area (Tarim Block, northwestern China). J Paleontol, 83: 30–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong X P, Repetski J E, Bergström S M. 2004. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Middle Cambrian through lowermost Ordovician in Hunan, South China. Acta Geol Sin-Engl Ed, 78: 1185–1206

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong L, Xiao S, Shen B, Zhou C. 2008. Silicified Horodyskia and Palaeopascichnus from upper Ediacaran cherts in South China: Tentative phylogenetic interpretation and implications for evolutionary stasis. J Geol Soc, 165: 367–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong X P, Zhang H. 2017. Middle Cambrian through lowermost Ordovician conodonts from Hunan, South China. J Paleontol, 91: 1–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Du X D, Liu W, Wang D P. 1994. Carbon, oxygen isotope and sea level changes: A case study of δ 13C, δ 18O section of Upper Sinian to Ordovician in Keping area, Xinjiang (in Chinese). Glob Geol, 13: 120–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Duan J Y, An S L, Liu P J, Peng X D, Zhang L Q. 2005. The Cambrian stratigraphy, fauna and Palaeogeography in eastern of North China Plate (in Chinese with English abstract). Hong Kong: Yayuan Publishing Company. 255

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan R, Lu Y Z, Zhang X L, Zhang S B, Deng S H, Li X. 2013. Conodonts from the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary interval in the southeastMargin of the Sichuan Basin, China. J Asian Earth Sci, 64: 115–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Feng W M, Qian Y, Rong Z Q. 1994. Study of monoplacophora and gastropoda from the Lower Cambrian Xinji Formation in Ye Xian, Henan (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Micropal Sin, 11: 1–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Feng Z Z, Bao Z D, Wu M B, Jin Z K, Shi X Z. 2006. Lithofacies palaeogeography of the Cambrian in Tarim area (in Chinese with English abstract). J Palaeogeogr, 8: 427–439

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher T P. 2001. Ovatoryctocara granulata Bergstrom: A key species for the correlation of a global Cambrian stage boundary. In: Peng S, Babcock L E, Zhu M, eds. Cambrian System of South China. Palaeoworld, 13: 257–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher T P. 2003. Ovatoryctocara granulata: The key to a global Cambrian stage boundary and the correlation of the olenellid, redlichiid and paradoxidid realms. Spec Pap Palaeontol, 70: 73–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao Z J, Peng C W, Li Y A, Zhu C S, Zhang S G. 1984. Subdivision and correlation of the Sinian and Cambrian in Quruqtagh, Xinjiang China (in Chinese). In: Gao Z J, Zhu C S, eds. Precambrian Geology in Xinjiang China. Urumuqi: Xinjiang People’s Publishing House. 1–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Gehling J G, Jensen S, Droser M L, Myrow P M, Narbonne G M. 2001. Burrowing below the basal Cambrian GSSP, fortune head, Newfoundland. Geol Mag, 138: 213–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerhardt A M, Gill B C. 2016. Elucidating the relationship between the later Cambrian end-Marjuman extinctions and SPICE Event. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 461: 362–373

    Google Scholar 

  • Geyer G. 1990. Correlation along the Lower/Middle Cambrian boundary—A puzzling story with an elusory end? In: Repina L N, Zhuravlev A Yu, eds. Tretiy Mezhdunarodnyy Simpozium Po Kembriyskoy Sisteme. Novosibirsk: Tezisy dokladov. 100–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Geyer G. 1996. The Moroccan fallotaspidid trilobites revisited. Beringeria, 18: 89–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Geyer G. 2005. The base of a revised Middle Cambrian: Are suitable concepts for a series boundary in reach? Geosci J, 9: 81–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Geyer G. 2015. Exotic trilobites from the Lower-Middle Cambrian boundary interval in Morocco and their bearing on the Cambrian Series 3 lower boundary. Paläontol Z, 89: 749–781

    Google Scholar 

  • Geyer G, Landing E. 2016. The Precambrian-Phanerozoic and Ediacaran- Cambrian boundaries: A historical approach to a dilemma. In: Brasier A T, McIlroy D, McLoughlin N, eds. Earth System Evolution and Early Life: A Celebration of the Work ofMartin Brasier. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ, 448: 311–349

    Google Scholar 

  • Geyer G, Palmer A R. 1995. Neltneriidae and Holmiidae (Trilobita) from Morocco and the problem of Early Cambrian intercontinental correlation. J Paleontol, 69: 459–474

    Google Scholar 

  • Geyer G, Shergold J. 2000. The quest for internationally recognized divisions of Cambrian time. Episodes, 23: 188–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill B C, Lyons T W, Young S A, Kump L R, Knoll A H, Saltzman M R. 2011. Geochemical evidence for widespread euxinia in the Later Cambrian ocean. Nature, 469: 80–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Gozalo R, Álvarez M E D, Vintaned J A G, Zhuravlev A Y, Bauluz B, Subías I, ChirivellaMartorell J B, Mayoral E, Gursky H J, Andrés J A, Liñán E. 2013. Proposal of a reference section and point for the Cambrian Series 2–3 boundary in the Mediterranean subprovince in Murero (NE Spain) and its intercontinental correlation. Geol J, 48: 142–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Gradstein F M, Ogg J G, Smith A G, Bleeker W, Lourens L J. 2004. A new geologic time scale, with special reference to Precambrian and Neogene. Episodes, 27: 83–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman E L. 2012. Oxygen isotope stratigraphy. In: Gradstein F M, Ogg J G, Schmitz M D, Ogg G M, eds. The Geologic Time Scale 2012, vol. 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier BV. 181–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Grotzinger J P, Bowring S A, Saylor B Z, Kaufman A J. 1995. Biostratigraphic and geochronologic constraints on early animal evolution. Science, 270: 598–604

    Google Scholar 

  • Gubanov A P. 1998. The Early Cambrian molluscan evolution and its palaeogeographic implications. Acta Univ Carol Geol, 42: 419–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Gubanov A P. 2001. The biostratigraphic potential of early Cambrian molluscs. In: Peng S C, Babcock L E, Zhu M Y, eds. Cambrian System of South China. Palaeoworld, 13: 262

    Google Scholar 

  • Gubanov A P, Kouchinsky A V, Peel J S. 1999. The first evolutionaryadaptive lineage within fossil molluscs. Lethaia, 32: 155–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo Q J, Deng Y N, Hu J, Wang L. 2017. Carbonate carbon isotope evolution of seawater across the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition: Evidence from the Keping area, Tarim Basin, NW China. Geol Mag, 154: 1244–1256

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo Q J, Strauss H, Zhu M Y, Zhang J M, Yang X L, Lu M, Zhao F C. 2013. High resolution organic carbon isotope stratigraphy from a slope to basinal setting on the Yangtze Platform, South China: Implications for the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition. Precambrian Res, 225: 209–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo Q J, StraussHLiu C Q, Zhao Y L, Yang X L, Peng J, Yang H. 2010. A negative carbon isotope excursion defines the boundary from Cambrian Series 2 to Cambrian Series 3 on the Yangtze Platform, South China. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 285: 143–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Halverson G P, Dudás F Ö, Maloof A C, Bowring S A. 2007. Evolution of the 87Sr/86Sr composition of Neoproterozoic seawater. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 256: 103–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Harland W B, Armstrong R L, Cox A V, Craig L E, Smith A G, Smith, D G. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 263

    Google Scholar 

  • Harland W B, Cox A V, Llewellyn P G, Smith A G, Pickton C A G, Walters R. 1982. A Geologic Time Scale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 131

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey T H P, Williams M, Condon D J, Wilby P R, Siveter D J, Rushton A W A, Leng M J, Gabbott S E. 2011. A refined chronology for the Cambrian succession of southern Britain. J Geol Soc, 168: 705–716

    Google Scholar 

  • He T C, Zhou Y, Vermeesch P, Rittner M, Miao L Y, Zhu M Y, Carter A, von S P A E P, Shields G A. 2017. Measuring the ‘great unconformity’ on the North China Craton using new detrital zircon age data. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ, 448: 145–159

    Google Scholar 

  • He T G, Pei F, Fu G H. 1984. Some small shelly fossils from the Lower Cambrian Xinji Formation in Fangcheng County, Henan Province (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Palaeont Sin, 23: 350–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollingsworth J S. 2007. Fallotaspidoid trilobite assemblage from the Esmeralda Basin (western Nevada, U.S.A.). AAP Memoir, 33: 123–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollingsworth J S. 2011. Lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of Cambrian Stage 3 in western Nevada and eastern California. Museum Northern Arizona Bull, 67: 26–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Hough M L, Shields G A, Evins L Z, Strauss H, Henderson R A,Mackenzie S. 2006. AMajor sulphur isotope event at c. 510 Ma: A possible anoxiaextinction- volcanism connection during the Early-Middle Cambrian transition? Terr Nova, 18: 257–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Howley R A, Jiang G. 2010. The Cambrian drumian carbon isotope excursion (DICE) in the Great Basin, western United States. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 296: 138–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishikawa T, Ueno Y, Shu D, Li Y, Han J, Guo J, Yoshida N, Komiya T. 2013. Irreversible change of the oceanic carbon cycle in the earliest Cambrian: High-resolution organic and inorganic carbon chemostratigraphy in the Three Gorges area, South China. Precambrian Res, 225: 190–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishikawa T, Ueno Y, Komiya T, Sawaki Y, Han J, Shu D, Li Y, Maruyama S, Yoshida N. 2008. Carbon isotope chemostratigraphy of a Precambrian/Cambrian boundary section in the Three Gorge area, South China: Prominent global-scale isotope excursions just before the Cambrian explosion. Gondwana Res, 14: 193–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacquet S M, Brougham T, Skovsted C B, Jago J B, Laurie J R, Betts M J, Topper T P, Brock G A. 2017. Watsonella crosbyi from the lower Cambrian (Terreneuvian, Stage 2) Normanville Group in South Australia. Geol Mag, 154: 1088–1104

    Google Scholar 

  • Jell P A. 1990. Trilobita. In: Bengtson S, Conway Morris S, Cooper B J, Jell P A, Runnegar B N, eds. Early Cambrian Fossils from South Australia. AAP Memoir, 9: 257–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen S. 1997. Trace fossils from the Lower Cambrian Mickwitzia Sandstone, south-central Sweden. Fossils Strata, 42: 1–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen S, Harper D A T, Stouge S. 2016. Trace fossils from the lower Cambrian Kløftelv Formation, Ella Ø, North-East Greenland. GFF, 138: 369–376

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen S, Runnegar B N. 2005. A complex trace fossil from the Spitskop Member (terminal Ediacaran-Lower Cambrian) of southern Namibia. Geol Mag, 142: 561–569

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen S, Saylor B Z, Gehling J G, Germs G J B. 2000. Complex trace fossils from the terminal Proterozoic of Namibia. Geology, 28: 143–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang G, Wang X, Shi X, Xiao S, Zhang S, Dong J. 2012. The origin of decoupled carbonate and organic carbon isotope signatures in the early Cambrian (ca. 542–520 Ma) Yangtze platform. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 317-318: 96–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang S Y, Pi D H, Heubeck C, Frimmel H, Liu Y P, Deng H L, Ling H F, Yang J H. 2009. Early Cambrian ocean anoxia in South China. Nature, 459: E5–E6

    Google Scholar 

  • Jing X C, Deng S H, Zhao Z J, Lu Y Z, Zhang S B. 2008. Carbon isotope composition and correlation across the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary in Kalpin Region of the Tarim Basin, China. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci, 51: 1317–1329

    Google Scholar 

  • Jourdan F, Hodges K, Sell B, Schaltegger U, Wingate M T D, Evins L Z, Soderlund U, Haines P W, Phillips D, Blenkinsop T. 2014. High-precision dating of the Kalkarindji large igneous province, Australia, and synchrony with the Early-Middle Cambrian (Stage 4–5) extinction. Geology, 42: 543–546

    Google Scholar 

  • Khomentovsky V V, Karlova G A. 2005. The Tommotian Stage base as the Cambrian Lower Boundary in Siberia. Stratigr Geol Correl, 13: 21–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimura H, Matsumoto R, Kakuwa Y, Hamdi B, Zibaseresht H. 1997. The Vendian-Cambrian δ13C record, North Iran: Evidence for overturning of the ocean before the Cambrian Explosion. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 147: E1–E7

    Google Scholar 

  • Knoll A H, Kaufman A J, Semikhatov M A, Grotzinger J P, Adams W. 1995. Sizing up the sub-Tommotian unconformity in Siberia. Geology, 23: 1139–1143

    Google Scholar 

  • Korovnikov I V. 2012. Correlation potential FADs of the Triangulaspis annio and Hebediscus attleborensis on the Siberian platform (a possible GSSP for the lower boundary of the Cambrian Stage 4). J Guizhou Univ, 29: 169–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Kouchinsky A, Bengtson S, Landing E, Steiner M, Vendrasco M, Ziegler K. 2017. Terreneuvian stratigraphy and faunas from the Anabar Uplift, Siberia. Acta Palaeont Pol, 62: 311–440

    Google Scholar 

  • Kouchinsky A, Bengtson S, Pavlov V, Runnegar B, Torssander P, Young E, Ziegler K. 2007. Carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Precambrian- Cambrian Sukharikha River section, northwestern Siberian platform. Geol Mag, 144: 609

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruse P D, Zhuravlev A Yu, Parkhaev P Yu, Zhu M. 2017. Comment: A new lower Cambrian shelly fossil biostratigraphy for South Australia by Marissa J. Betts, John R. Paterson, James B. Jago, Sarah M. Jacquet, Christian B. Skovsted, Timothy P. Topper & Glenn A. Brock. Gondwana Res, 44: 258–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Landing E. 1994. Precambrian-Cambrian boundary global stratotype ratified and a new perspective of Cambrian time. Geology, 22: 179–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Landing E, Geyer G, Brasier M D, Bowring S A. 2013. Cambrian evolutionary radiation: Context, correlation, and chronostratigraphy—Overcoming deficiencies of the first appearance datum (FAD) concept. Earth-Sci Rev, 123: 133–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Landing E, Geyer G. 2012. Misplaced faith-limitations of the first appearance datum (FAD) in chronostratigraphy and proposal of more robust Lower Cambrian correlation standards. J Guizhou Univ, 29: 170–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Landing E, Kouchinsky A. 2016. Correlation of the Cambrian evolutionary radiation: Geochronology, evolutionary stasis of earliest Cambrian (Terreneuvian) small shelly fossil (SSF) taxa, and chronostratigraphic significance. Geol Mag, 153: 750–756

    Google Scholar 

  • Landing E, Kruse P D. 2017. Integrated stratigraphic, geochemical, and paleontological late Ediacaran to early Cambrian records from southwestern Mongolia: Comment. Geol Soc Am Bull, 129: 1012–1015

    Google Scholar 

  • Landing E, Peng S C, Babcock L E, Geyer G, Moczydlowska-Vidal M. 2007. Global standard names for the Lowermost Cambrian Series and Stage. Episodes, 30: 287–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Landing E, Westrop S R, Adrain J M. 2011. The Lawsonian Stage-the Eoconodontus notchpeakensis FAD and HERB carbon isotope excursion define a globally correlatable terminal Cambrian stage. Bull Geosci, 86: 621–640

    Google Scholar 

  • Landing E, Westrop S R. 1998. AVALON 1997-the Cambrian standard: Third international field conference of the Cambrian chronostratigraphy working group and I.G.C.P. Project 366, ecological aspects of the Cambrian radiation. New York State Museum Bull, 49

    Google Scholar 

  • Lantenois H. 1907. Résultats de la mission géologique et miniére du Yunnan méridional. I: Note sur la géologie et les mines de la region comprise entre Lao-Kay et Yunnan-Sen. Ann. Mines. 1–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Lapworth C. 1879. On the tripartite classification of the Lower Paleozoic rocks. Geol Mag, 6: 1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarenko N P, Gogin I Y, Pegel T V, Abaimova G P. 2011. The Khos- Nelege River section of the Ogon’or Formation: A potential candidate for the GSSP of Stage 10, Cambrian System. Bull Geosci, 86: 555–568

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee L S, Chao Y T. 1924. Geology of the Gorge district of the Yangtze (from Ichang to Tzekuei) with special reference to the development of the Gorges. Bull Geol Soc China, 3: 351–391

    Google Scholar 

  • Li D D, Zhang X L, Chen K F, Zhang G J, Chen X Y, Huang W, Peng S C, Shen Y A. 2017. High-resolution C-isotope chemostratigraphy of the uppermost Cambrian stage (Stage 10) in South China: Implications for defining the base of Stage 10 and palaeoenvironmental change. Geol Mag, 154: 1232–1243

    Google Scholar 

  • Li D, Ling H F, Shields-Zhou G A, Chen X, Cremonese L, Och L, Thirlwall M, Manning C J. 2013. Carbon and strontium isotope evolution of seawater across the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition: Evidence from the Xiaotan section, NE Yunnan, South China. Precambrian Res, 225: 128–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Li D, Ling H F, Jiang S Y, Pan J Y, Chen Y Q, Cai Y F, Feng H Z. 2009. New carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary interval from SW China: Implications for global correlation. Geol Mag, 146: 465–483

    Google Scholar 

  • Li G X, Zhang J M, Zhu M Y. 2001. Litho- and biostratigraphy of the Lower Cambrian Meishucunian Stage in the Xiaotan section, eastern Yunnan. Acta Palaeont Sin, 40(Suppl): 40–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Li G, Zhao X, Gubanov A, Zhu M, Na L. 2011. Early Cambrian mollusc Watsonella crosbyi: A potential GSSP index fossil for the base of the Cambrian Stage 2. Acta Geol Sin-Engl Ed, 85: 309–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Li L Z. 1984. The discovery of new graptolites in the Changshan Formation (Upper Cambrian) from Dawenkou, Shandong (in Chinese with English abstract). Geol Rev, 30: 511–515

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin H L. 2008. Chapter 3, Early Cambrian (Chiungchussuan, Tsanglangpuan and Lungwangmian). In: Zhou Z Y, Zhen Y Y, eds. Trilobite Record of China. Beijing: Science Press. 36–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin T R. 2015. Discussion on Chinese Parabadiella, Moroccan Abadiella and Australian Abadiella huoi, and on the taxonomic problem of the abadiellid trilobites viewed from cluster analysis (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Palaeont Sin, 54: 458–468

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin T R, Peng S C. 2009. Further discussion on the invalidity of Megapalaeolenus Chang, 1966 (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Palaeont Sin, 48: 695–700

    Google Scholar 

  • Linnemann U, Ovtcharova M, Schaltegger U, Vickers-Rich P, Gärtner A, Hofmann M, Zieger J, Krause R, Kriesfeld L, Smith J. 2017. New chronological and stratigraphic constrains on the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary (Swaetpunt section, South Namibia). In: McIlroy G, ed. Abstract Volume of the International Symposium on the Ediacaran-Cambrian Transition. 63

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Liao Z, Zhang H, Tian Y, Cheng B, Yang S. 2016. Stable isotope (δ 13Cker, δ 13Ccarb, δ 18Ocarb) distribution along a Cambrian outcrop section in the eastern Tarim Basin, NW China and its geochemical significance. Geosci Front, 8: 163–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu Y H. 1941. Lower Cambrian stratigraphy and trilobite fauna of Kunming, Yunnan. Bull Geol Soc China, 21: 71–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu Y H. 1945. Early Middle Cambrian faunas from Meitan. Bull Geol Soc China, 25: 185–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu Y H. 1962. Cambrian System of China. In: All China Commission of Stratigraphy, ed. Collection of the Scientific Reports for 1st All China Conference on Stratigraphy (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press. 1–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu Y H, Zhang W T, Zhu Z L, Xiang L W, Lin H L, Zhou Z Y, Yuan J L, Peng S C, Qian Y, Zhang S G, Li S J, Guo H J, Luo H L. 1994. Suggestions on the establishment of Chinese Cambrian Stages (in Chinese). J Stratigr, 18: 318

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu Y H, Zhu Z L, Qian Y Y, Lin H L, Yuan J L. 1982. Correlation chart of Cambrian in China with explanatory text. In: Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ed. Stratigraphic Correlation Chart in China with Explanatory Text (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press. 28–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu Y H, Zhu Z L, Qian Y Y, Lin H L, Zhou Z Y, Yuan K X. 1974. Bioenvironmental control hypothesis and its application to the Cambrian biostratigraphy and palaeozoogeography (in Chinese). Memoir Nanjing Inst Geol Palaeontol, 5: 27–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo H L, Hu S X, Hou S G, Gao H G, Zhan D Q, Li W C. 2009. Cambrian stratigraphy and trilobites from Southeastern Yunnan, China (in Chinese with English abstract). Kunming: Yunnan Science and Technology Press. 252

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo H L, Jiang Z W, Tang L D. 1994. Stratotype section for Lower Cambrian stages in China (in Chinese with English abstract). Kunming: Yunnan Science and Technology Press. 181

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo H L, Jiang Z W, Wu X C, Song X L, Ouyang L, Xing Y S, Liu G Z, Zhang S S, Tao Y H. 1984. Sinian-Cambrian Boundary Stratotype Section at Meishucun, Jinning, Yunnan, China (in Chinese with English abstract). Kunming: People’s Publishing House. 154

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo H L, Jiang Z W, Wu X C, Song X L, Ouyang L. 1982. The Sinian-Cambrian Boundary in Eastern Yunnan, China (in Chinese with English abstract). Kunming: People’s Publishing House. 263

    Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald F A, Pruss S B, Strauss J V. 2014. Trace fossils with spreiten from the Late Ediacaran Nama Group, Namibia: Complex feeding patterns five million years before the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. J Paleontol, 88: 299–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Magaritz M, Holser W T, Kirschvink J L. 1986. Carbon-isotope events across the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary on the Siberian Platform. Nature, 320: 258–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Magaritz M, Kirschvink J L, Latham A J, Zhuravlev A Y, Rozanov A Y. 1991. Precambrian/Cambrian boundary problem: Carbon isotope correlations for Vendian and Tommotian time between Siberia and Morocco. Geology, 19: 847–850

    Google Scholar 

  • Maloof A C, Porter S M, Moore J L, Dudas F O, Bowring S A, Higgins J A, Fike D A, Eddy M P. 2010. The earliest Cambrian record of animals and ocean geochemical change. Geol Soc Am Bull, 122: 1731–1774

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansuy H. 1907. Résultats de la mission géologique et miniére du Yunnan méridional. III: Résultats Paléontologiques. Ann Mines, 153–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansuy H. 1912. Pt. II, Paléontogie. In: Deprat J. and Mansuy, Etude géologique du Yunnan Oriental. Mém. Servo Géol. Indochine, v.I, Fasc. II: 1–31

    Google Scholar 

  • McArthur J M, Howarth R J, Shields G A. 2012. Strontium isotope stratigraphy. In: Gradstein F M, Ogg J G, Schmitz M D, Ogg G M, eds. The Geologic Time Scale 2012, vol. 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier BV. 127–144

    Google Scholar 

  • McNamara K, Feng Y, Zhou Z. 2003. Ontogeny and heterochrony in the oryctocephalid trilobite Arthricocephalus from the Early Cambrian of China. Spec Pap Palaeontol, 70: 103–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller J F, Evans K R, Ethington R L, Holmer L E, Loch J D, Popov L E, Ripperdan R L. 2005. GSSP candidate for the base of the highest Cambrian stage at Lawson Cove, Utah, USA. In: Peng S C, Zhu M Y, Li G X, Van Iten H, eds. Abstract and Short Papers. Acta Micropalaeont Sin(Suppl): 115–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller J F, Evans K R, Freeman R L, Ripperdan R L, Taylor J F. 2011. Proposed stratotype for the base of the Lawsonian Stage (Cambrian Stage 10) at the First Appearance Datum of Eoconodontus notchpeakensis (Miller) in the House Range, Utah, USA. Bull Geosci, 86: 595–620

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller J F, Ripperdan R L, Loch J D, Freeman R L, Evans K R, Taylor J F, Tolbart Z C. 2015. Proposed GSSP for the base of Cambrian Stage 10 at the lowest occurrence of Eoconodontus notchpeakensis in the House Range, Utah, USA. Annales de Paléontologie, 101: 199–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller J F, Ethington R L, Evans K R, Holmer L E, Loch J D, Popov L E, Repetski J E, Ripperdan R L, Taylor J F. 2006. Proposed stratotype for the base of the highest Cambrian stage at the first appearance datum of Cordylodus andresi, Lawson Cove section, Utah, USA. Palaeoworld, 15: 384–405

    Google Scholar 

  • Missarzhevsky V V. 1989. The earliest skeletal fossils and stratigraphy of the Precambrian-Cambrian Boundary Beds. Tr Geol Inst Akad Nauk SSSR, 443: 1–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Moczydłowska M. 1991. Acritarch biostratigraphy of the Lower Cambrian and the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary in southeastern Poland. Fossils Strata, 29: 1–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Moczydłowska M, Yin L M. 2012. The lower Cambrian phytoplankton record in China and global perspective for stage subdivision. J Guizhou Univ-Nat Sci, 29: 176–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Moczydłowska M, Zang W L. 2006. The Early Cambrian acritarch Skiagia and its significance for global correlation. Palaeoworld, 15: 328–347

    Google Scholar 

  • Monke H. 1903. Bietrage zur Geology van Schantung. 1, Obercambriche Trilobiten van Yen-Tsy-Tai. Berlin: Jahrbuch der Königliche Preussische Geologische Landesanstalt, 23: 103–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Montañez I P, Osleger D A, Banner J L. 2000. Evolution of the Sr and C isotope composition of Cambrian oceans. GSA Today, 10: 1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Narbonne G M, Myrow P M, Landing E, Anderson M M. 1987. A candidate stratotype for the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary, Fortune Head, Burin Peninsula, southeastern Newfoundland. Can J Earth Sci, 24: 1277–1293

    Google Scholar 

  • Narbonne G M, Xiao S, Shields G A. 2012. The Ediacaran Period. In: Gradstein F M, Ogg J G, Schmitz M D, Ogg G M, eds. The Geologic Time Scale 2012, vol. 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier BV. 413–435

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng T W, Yuan J L, Lin J P. 2014a. The North China steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion and its global correlation with the base of the Paibian Stage (early Furongian Series), Cambrian. Lethaia, 47: 153–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng T W, Yuan J L, Lin J P. 2014b. The North China steptoean positive Carbon isotope event: New insights towards understanding a global phenomenon. Geobios, 47: 371–387

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen A T, Schovsbo N H. 2015. The regressive Early-Mid Cambrian ‘Hawke Bay Event’ in Baltoscandia: Epeirogenic uplift in concert with eustasy. Earth-Sci Rev, 151: 288–350

    Google Scholar 

  • Norin E. 1937. Geology of western Quruq Tagh, eastern T’ien Shan. In: Reports from the scientific expedition to the northwestern provinces of China under leadership of Dr. Sven Hedin. Sino-Swedish Expeditio III. Geology (1). Stockholm: Tryckeri Aktiebolaget Thule. 1–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Okada Y, Sawaki Y, Komiya T, Hirata T, Takahata N, Sano Y, Han J, Maruyama S. 2014. New chronological constraints for Cryogenian to Cambrian rocks in the Three Gorges, Weng’an and Chengjiang areas, South China. Gondwana Res, 25: 1027–1044

    Google Scholar 

  • Pagès A, Schmid S. 2016. Euxinia linked to the Cambrian Drumian carbon isotope excursion (DICE) in Australia: Geochemical and chemostratigraphic evidence. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 461: 65–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer A R. 1998a. A proposed nomenclature for stages and series for the Cambrian of Laurentia. Can J Earth Sci, 35: 323–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer A R. 1998b. Why is intercontinental correlation within the Lower Cambrian so difficult? Revista Española de Paleontología, No. extr. Homenaje al Prof. Gonzalo Vidal. 17–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkhaev P Yu, Karlova G A, Rozanov A Yu. 2011. Taxonomy, stratigraphy and biogeography of Aldanella attleborensis—A possible candidate for defining the base of Cambrian Stage 2. Museum Northern Arizona Bull, 67: 298–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkhaev P Yu, Karlova G A, Rozanov A Yu. 2012. Stratigraphic distribution of two potential species for the GSSP of Cambrian Stage 2-Aldanella attleborensis and Watsonella crosbyi. J Guizhou Univ, 29 (Suppl): 179–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng S C. 2000. Cambrian of slope facies (of China). In: Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ed. Stratigraphical Studies in China (1979–1999) (in Chinese). Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China Press. 23–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng S C. 2003. Chronostratigraphic subdivision of the Cambrian of China. Geol Acta, 1: 135–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng S C. 2004. Suggested global subdivision of Cambrian System and two potential GSSPs in Hunan, China for defining Cambrian stages. In: Choi D K, ed. Ninth International Conference of the Cambrian Stage Subdivision Working Group. Abstracts with Program. Taebaek, Korea. 25

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng S C. 2008. Revision on Cambrian chronostratigraphy of South China and related remarks (in Chinese with English abstract). J Stratigr, 32: 239–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng S C. 2009a. The newly-developed Cambrian biostratigraphic succession and chronostratigraphic scheme for South China (in Chinese). Chin Sci Bull, 54: 2691–2698

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng S C. 2009b. Review on the studies of Cambrian trilobite faunas from Jiangnan slope belt, South China, with notes on Cambrian correlation between South and North China (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Palaeont Sin, 48: 437–452

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng S C, Babcock L E. 2005. Two Cambrian agnostoid trilobites, Agnostotes orientalis (Kobayashi, 1935) and Lotagnostus americanus (Billings, 1860): Key species for defining global stages of the Cambrian System. Geosci J, 9: 107–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng S C, Babcock L E. 2011. Continuing progress on chronostratigraphic subdivision of the Cambrian System. Bull Geosci, 86: 391–396

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng S C, Babcock L E, Cooper R. 2012a. The Cambrian Period. In: Gradstein F M, Ogg J G, Schmitz M D, Ogg G M. eds. The Geologic Time Scale 2012, vol. 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier BV. 437–488

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng S C, Babcock L E, Robison R A, Lin H L, Ress M N, Saltzman M R. 2004. Global standard stratotype-section and point (GSSP) of the Furongian Series and Paibian Stage (Cambrian). Lethaia, 37: 365–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng S C, Babcock L E, Zhu X J, Ahlberg P, Terfelt F, Dai T. 2015. Intraspecific variation and taphonomic alteration in the Cambrian (Furongian) agnostoid Lotagnostus americanus: New information from China. Bull Geosci, 90: 281–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng S C, Babcock L E, Zhu X J, Lei Q, Dai T. 2017. Revision of the oryctocephalid trilobite genera Arthricocephalus Bergeron and Oryctocarella Tomashpolskaya and Karpinski (Cambrian) from South China and Siberia. J Paleontol, 91: 933–959

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng S C, Babcock L E, Zhu X J, Zuo J X, Dai T. 2014. A potential GSSP for the base of the uppermost Cambrian stage, coinciding with the first appearance of Lotagnostus americanus at Wa’ergang, Hunan, China. GFF, 136: 208–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng S C, Babcock L E, Zhu X J, Zuo J X. 2013. A potential GSSP for the base of the uppermost Cambrian stage (Furongian Series) coinciding with the first appearance of Lotagnostus americanus at Waergang, Hunan, China. In: Lindskog A, Mehlqvist K, eds. Proceedings of the 3rd IGCP 591 Annual Meeting-Lund, Sweden, 9–19 June 2013. Lund University. 265–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng S C, Babcock L E, Zuo J X, Lin H L, Zhu X J, Yang X F, Robison R A, Qi Y P, Bagnoli G, Chen Y. 2009. The global boundary stratotype section and point of the Guzhangian Stage (Cambrian) in the Wuling Mountains, northwestern Hunan, China. Episodes, 32: 41–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng S C, Babcock L E, Zuo J X, Zhu X J, Lin H L, Yang X F, Qi Y P, Bagnoli G, Wang L W. 2012b. Global standard stratotype-section and point (GSSP) for the base of the Jiangshanian Stage (Cambrian: Furongian) at Duibian, Jiangshan, Zhejiang, Southeast China. Episodes, 35: 462–477

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng S C, Robison R A. 2000. Agonstoid biostratigraphy across the Middle-Upper Cambrian boundary in China. Paleontological Society Memoir 53. J Paleont, 74: 1–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng S C, Babcock L E, Cooper R. 2012a. The Cambrian Period. In: Gradstein F M, Ogg J G, Schmitz M D, Ogg G M, eds. The Geologic Time Scale 2012, vol. 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier BV. 437–488

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng S C, Zhou Z Y, Lin T R, Yuan J L. 2000b. Cambrian chronostratigraphy research: Present and tendency (in Chinese with English abstract). J Stratigr, 24: 8–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng S C, Zhou Z Y, Lin T R. 1998. Late Middle-Late Upper Cambrian chronostratigraphy of China. In: Ahlberg P, Eriksson M, Olsson I, eds. Abstract for the IV Field Conference of the Cambrian Stage Subdivision Working Group, International Subcommission on Cambrian. Lund: Lund University. 20

    Google Scholar 

  • Qian J X, Xiao B. 1984. An early Cambrian small shelly fauna from Aksu- Wushi region, Xinjiang (in Chinese with English abstract). Professional Papers Stratigraphy Palaeontol, 13: 65–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Qian M P, Yuan X L, Li J H, Yan Y K, Wang Y P. 2001. Comments on the Cambrian-Neoproterozoic boundary in Huaibei district, northern Anhui- Jiangsu (in Chinese with English abstract). J Stratigr, 25: 135–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Qian Y. 1977. Hyolitha and some problematica from the Lower Cambrian Meishucun Stage in central and S. W. China (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Palaeont Sin, 16: 255–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Qian Y. 1999. Taxonomy and Biostratigraphy of Small Shelly Fossils in China (in Chinese with English abstract). Beijing: Science Press. 247

    Google Scholar 

  • Qian Y, Li G X, Zhu M Y. 2001. The Meishucunian Stage and its small shelly fossil sequences in China. Acta Palaeont Sin, 40(Suppl): 54–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Qian Y, Zhu M Y, He T G, Jiang Z W. 1996. New investigation of Precambrian- Cambrian boundary sections in eastern Yunnan (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Micropal Sin, 13: 225–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Qian Y, Zhu M Y, Li G X, Jiang Z W, Van Iten H. 2002. A supplemental Precambrian-Cambrian boundary global stratotype section in SW China. Acta Palaeont Sin, 41: 19–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Remané J, Bassett M G, Cowie J W, Gohrbandt K H, Lane H R, Michelsen O, Wang N. 1996. Revised guidelines for the establishment of global chronostratigraphic standards by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). Episodes, 19: 77–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Richthofen F F von 1877. China, Parts 1. Berlin: Verlag von Dietrich Reimer. 758

    Google Scholar 

  • Ripperdan R L. 2002. The HERB Event: End of Cambrian carbon cycle paradigm? Geol Soc Am Abstract Program, 34: 413

    Google Scholar 

  • Ripperdan R L, Magaritz M, Nicoll R S, Shergold J H. 1992. Simultaneous changes in carbon isotopes, sea level, and conodont biozones within the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary interval at Black Mountain, Australia. Geology, 20: 1039–1042

    Google Scholar 

  • Ripperdan R L, Miller J F. 1995. Carbon isotope ratios from the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary section at Lawson Cove, Ibex area, Utah. In: Cooper J D, Droser M L, Finney S C, eds. Ordovician Odyssey: Short Papers for the Seventh International Symposium on the Ordovician System. Pacific Section SEPM, Fullerton, California. 129–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Robison R A, Rosova A V, Rowell A J, Fletcher T P. 1977. Cambrian boundaries and divisions. Lethaia, 10: 257–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogov V I, Karlova G A, Marusin V V, Kochnev B B, Nagovitsin K E, Grazhdankin D V. 2015. Duration of the first biozone in the Siberian hypostratotype of the Vendian. Rus Geol Geophys, 56: 573–583

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozanov A Yu. 1992. Some problems concerning the Precambrian-Cambrian transition and the Cambrian faunal radiation. J Geol Soc, 149: 593–598

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozanov A Au, Semikhatov M A, Sokolov B S, Fedonkin M A, Khomentovskii V V. 1997. The decision on the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary Stratotype: A breakthrough or misleading action? Stratigr Geol Correl, 5: 19–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozanov A Yu, Missarzhevsky V V, Volkova N A, Voronova L G, Krylov I N, Keller B M, Korolyuk I K, Lenozion K, Mikhnyak R, Pykhova N G, Sidorov A D. 1969. The Tommotian stage and the Cambrian lower boundary problem. Tr Geol Inst Akad Nauk SSSR, 206: 1–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozanov A Yu, Khomentovsky V V, Shabanov Yu Ya, Karlova G A, Varlamov A I, Luchinina V A, Pegel T V, Demidenko Yu E, Parkhaev P Yu, Korovnikov I V, Skorlotova N A. 2008a. To the problem of stage subdivision of the Lower Cambrian. Stratigr Geol Correl, 16: 1–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozanov A Yu, Parkhaev P Yu, Demidenko Yu E, Skorlotova N A. 2011. Mobergella radiolata—A possible candidate for defining the base of Cambrian Series 2 and Stage 3. Mus Northern Arizona Bull, 67: 304–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozanov A Yu, Zhu M Y, Pak K L, Parkhaev P Yu. 2008b. The second Sino-Russian Symposium on the Lower Cambrian Subdivision. Palaeont J, 42: 442–416

    Google Scholar 

  • Saltzman M R. 2005. Phosphorus, nitrogen, and the redox evolution of the Paleozoic oceans. Geology, 33: 573–576

    Google Scholar 

  • Saltzman M R, Ripperdan R L, Brasier M D, Lohmann K C, Robison R A, Chang W T, Peng S, Ergaliev E K, Runnegar B. 2000. A global carbon isotope excursion (SPICE) during the Late Cambrian: Relation to trilobite extinctions, organic-matter burial and sea level. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 162: 211–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Saltzman M R, Thomas E. 2012. Carbon isotope stratigraphy. In: Gradstein F M, Ogg J G, Schmitz M D, Ogg G M, eds. The Geologic Time Scale 2012, vol. 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier BV. 207–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Saltzman M R, Young S A, Kump L R, Gill B C, Lyons T W, Runnegar B. 2011. Pulse of atmospheric oxygen during the late Cambrian. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 108: 3876–3881

    Google Scholar 

  • Salvador A. 1994. International stratigraphic guide-a guide to stratigraphic classification, terminology and procedure. Second Edition. IUGS & Geol Soc Am, Inc. 1–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz M D. 2012. Radiogenic isotope geochronology. In: Gradstein F M, Ogg J G, Schmitz M D, Ogg G M, eds. The Geologic Time Scale 2012, vol. 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier BV. 115–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedgwick A. 1852. On the classification and nomenclature of the Lower Palaeozoic rocks of England and Wales. Q J Geol Soc, 8:136–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Shergold J, Geyer G. 2001. The international subcommission on Cambrian stratigraphy: Progress report 2001. Acta Palaeont Sin, 40(Suppl): 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Shergold J, Geyer G. 2003. The subcommission on Cambrian stratigraphy: The status quo. Geol Acta, 1: 5–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Shields G A. 2007. A normalised seawater strontium isotope curve: Possible implications for Neoproterozoic-Cambrian weathering rates and the further oxygenation of the Earth. eEarth, 2: 35–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Sial A N, Peralta S, Ferreira V P, Toselli A J, Aceñolaza F G, Parada M A, Gaucher C, Alonso R N, Pimentel M M. 2008. Upper Cambrian carbonate sequences of the Argentine Precordillera and the Steptoean CIsotope Positive Excursion (SPICE). Gondwana Res, 13: 437–452

    Google Scholar 

  • Skovsted C B. 2003. Mobergellans (Problematica) from the Cambrian of Greenland, Siberia and Kazakhstan. Paläontol Z, 77: 429–443

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith E F, Macdonald F A, Petach T A, Bold U, Schrag D P. 2016b. Integrated stratigraphic, geochemical, and paleontological late Ediacaran to early Cambrian records from southwestern Mongolia. Geol Soc Am Bull, 128: 442–468

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith E F, Nelson L L, Strange M A, Eyster A E, Rowland S M, Schrag D P, Macdonald F A. 2016a. The end of the Ediacaran: Two new exceptionally preserved body fossil assemblages from Mount Dunfee, Nevada, USA. Geology, 44: 911–914

    Google Scholar 

  • Southern Xinjiang Petroleum Prospecting Corporation, Xinjiang Petroleum Administration Bureau, Institute of Petroleum Geological Sciences, Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi Petroleum Prospecting Bureau. 1990}. Sinian to Permian stratigraphy and Palaeontology of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang (I), Kuruktag Region (in Chinese with English abstract). Nanjing: Nanjing University Press. 25

  • Steiner M, Li G X, Qian Y, Zhu M Y, Erdtmann B D. 2007. Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian small shelly fossil assemblages and a revised biostratigraphic correlation of the Yangtze Platform (China). Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 254: 67–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner M, Li G X, Yang B, Ergaliev G. 2013. Chemostratigraphy versus biostratigraphy for a chronostratigraphic subdivision of the traditional “Lower Cambrian”. In: Lindskog A, Mehlqvist K, eds. Proceedings of the 3rd IGCP 591 Annual Meeting-Lund, Sweden, 9–19 June 2013. Lund University. 303–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner M, Li G X. 2009. The potential of small shelly fossils for subdivision of the traditional Lower Cambrian. In: Ergaliev G Kh, Nikitina O I, Zhemchuzhnikov Y G, Popov L E, Basset M G, eds. Stratigraphy, Fossils and Progress of International Stratigraphic Scale of Cambrian System. Materials of the 14th International Field Conference of Excursion of the Cambrian Stages Subdivision Working Group. Almaty-Lesser Kalatau Ridge, South Kazakhstan, August 24–September 2, 2009. Almaty: Gylym. 33–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner M, Li G, Ergaliev G. 2011. Toward a subdivision of the traditional “Lower Cambrian”. Museum Northern Arizona Bull, 67: 306–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner M, Yang B. 2017. The chronostratigraphic subdivision of the traditional “Lower Cambrian”—How reliable are chemostratigraphy and biostratigraphy? In: McIlroy G, ed. Abstract Volume of the International Symposium on the Ediacaran-Cambrian Transition. 113

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner M, Zhu M Y, Weber B, Geyer G. 2001. The Lower Cambrian in eastern Yunnan: Trilobite-based biostratigraphy and related faunas. Acta Palaeont Sin, 40(Suppl): 63–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun Y C. 1924. Contribution to the Cambrian fauna of North China. Plaleontol Sin-Ser B, 1: 1–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun Y C. 1935. The Upper Cambrian trilobite fauna of North China. Plaleontol Sin-Ser B, 7: 1–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun Y Z. 1961. Problems of classification of Cambrian System in China (in Chinese). Acta Geol Sin, 41: 285–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundberg F A, Geyer G, Kruse P D, McCollum L B, Pegel T V, Żylińska A, Zhuravlev A Y. 2016. International correlation of the Cambrian Series 2–3, Stages 4–5 boundary interval. A P Memoirs, 49: 83–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang Q, Pang K, Yuan X L, Wan B, Xiao S H. 2015. Organic-walled microfossils from the Tonian Gouhou Formation, Huaibei region, North China Craton, and their biostratigraphic implications. Precambrian Res, 266: 296–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Ting V K, Wang Y L. 1937. Cambrian and Silurian Formnations of Malung and Chütsing district, Yunnan. Bull Geol Soc China, 16: 1–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Troedsson G T. 1937. On the Cambrian-Ordovician faunas of western Quruq Tagh, eastern Tien-Shan. Palaeont Sin, 106B, 2: 1–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Walcott C D. 1905. Cambrian faunas of China. Proc United States Natl Mus, 29: 1–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Walcott C D. 1906. Cambrian faunas of China. Proc United States Natl Mus, 30: 563–595

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang C Y, Peng S C. 2017. Promoting the international chronostratigraphic chart in China (in Chinese with English abstract). J Stratigr, 41: 216–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang D, Ling H F, Li D, Chen X. 2012. Carbon isotope stratigraphy of Yanjiahe Formation across the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary in the area of Three Gorges (in Chinese with English abstract). J Stratigr, 36: 21–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang J G, Chen D Z, Wan D, Yan D T, Zhou X Q. 2012b. Petrology and geochemistry of chert on theMarginal zone of Yangtze Platform, western Hunan, South China, during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition. Sedimentology, 59: 809–829

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang X L, Hu W X, Yao S P, Chen Q, Xie X M. 2011. Carbon and strontium isotopes and global correlation of Cambrian Series 2-Series 3 carbonate rocks in the Keping area of the northwestern Tarim Basin, NW China. Mar Pet Geol, 28: 992–1002

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang X Q, Shi X Y, Jiang G Q, Zhang S H. 2012a. New U-Pb age from the basal Niutitang Formation in South China: Implications for diachronous development and condensation of stratigraphic units across the Yangtze platform at the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition. J Asian Earth Sci, 48: 1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y. 1938. Age problem of the Yichang limestone, Hsiatung, Hupeh (in Chinese). Geol Rev, 3: 131–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y. 1945. Subdivison of the Yangtze Gorges’s type Lower Palaeozoic stratigraphy (in Chinese). Geol Rev, 10: 9–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z J, Huang Z G, Yao J X, Ma X L. 2014. Characteristics and main progress of the stratigraphic chart of China and directions (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Geosci Sin, 35: 271–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z Z, Yang J D. 1994. Features of the carbon isotope changes in the Early Palaeozoic rocks of the Kalpin area, Xinjiang and their significance (in Chinese with English abstract). J Stratigr, 18: 45–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood R A, Poulton S W, Prave A R, Hoffmann K H, Clarksona M O, Guilbaud R, Lyne J W, Tostevin R, Bowyer F, Penny A M, Curtis A, Kasemann S A. 2015. Dynamic redox conditions control late Ediacaran metazoan ecosystems in the Nama Group, Namibia: Precambrian Res, 261: 252–271

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiang L W, Lai C G, Lin B Y, Hou H F, Zhan L P. 1980. Subdivision of the Paleozoic into Series and Stages for China. In: Scientific Papers on Geology for International Exchange Prepared for the 26th International Geological Congress (4), Stratigraphy and Palaeontology (in Chinese with English abstract). Beijing: Publishing House of Geology. 56–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiang L W, Zhu Z L, Li S J, Zhou Z Q. 1999. Stratigraphic Lexicon of China (in Chinese). Cambrian System. Beijing: Publishing House of Geology. 95

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiang W L, Li S J, Nan R S, Guo Z M, Yang J L, Zhou Z Q, An T Y, Yuan K X, Qian Y. 1981. Stratigraphy of China (4), the Cambrian System of China (in Chinese). Beijing: Publishing House of Geology. 210

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiao S H, Shen B, Tang Q, Kaufman A J, Yuan X L, Li J, Qian M. 2014. Biostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic constraints on the age of early Neoproterozoic carbonate successions in North China. Precambrian Res, 246: 208–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Xing Y S, Ding Q X, Lin W X, Yan Y K, Zhang L Y. 1985. Metazoans and trace fossils. In: Xing Y S, Duan C H, Liang Y Z, Cao R G, eds. Late Precambrian Palaeontology of China (in Chinese with English abstract). Beijing: Publishing House of Geology. 182–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Xing Y S, Ding Q X, Luo H L, He T G, Wang Y G. 1984. The Sinian-Cambrian boundary of China (in Chinese with English abstract). Bull Inst Geol, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, No. 10. Beijing: Publishing House of Geology. 262

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu L G, Lehmann B, Mao J W, Qu W J, Du A D. 2011. Re-Os age of polymetallic Ni-Mo-PGE-Au mineralization in Early Cambrian Black Shales of South China—A Reassessment. Econ Geol, 106: 511–522

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang A H, Zhu M Y, Zhang J M, Li G X. 2003. Early Cambrian eodiscoid trilobites of the Yangtze Platform and their stratigraphic implications. Prog Nat Sci, 13: 861–866

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang A H, Zhu M Y, Zhang J M. 2005. Stratigraphic distribution and palaeogeographic control on the Early Cambrian Eodiscoids in Yangtze Platform (in Chinese with English abstract). J Palaeogeogr, 7: 219–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang A H, Zhu M Y, Zhuravlev A Y, Yuan K X, Zhang J M, Chen Y Q. 2016. Archaeocyathan zonation of the Yangtze Platform: Implications for regional and global correlation of lower Cambrian stages. Geol Mag, 153: 388–409

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang B, Steiner M, Zhu M Y, Li G X, Liu J, Liu P J. 2016. Transitional Ediacaran-Cambrian small skeletal fossil assemblages from South China and Kazakhstan: Implications for chronostratigraphy and metazoan evolution. Precambrian Res, 285: 202–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang C, Li X H, Zhu M Y, Condon D J, Chen J Y. 2018. Geochronological constraint on the Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China. J Geol Soc, 175: 659–666

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang X L, Zhao Y L, Zhu M Y, Cui T, Yang K D. 2010. Sponges from the Early Cambrian Niutitang Formation at Danzhai, Guizhou and their environmental background (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Palaeont Sin, 49: 348–359

    Google Scholar 

  • Yao J X, Xiao S H, Yin L M, Li G X, Yuan X L. 2005. Basal Cambrian microfossils from the Yurtus and Xishanblaq formations (Tarim, Northwest China): Systematic revision and biostratigraphic correlation of Micrhystridium-like acritarchs from China. Palaeontology, 48: 687–708

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin G Z, Wang Y G, Qian Y. 1982. A preliminary study of Sinian-Cambrian boundary in Guizhou Province (in Chinese). J Stratigr, 6: 286–293

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan J L, Li Y, Mu X N, Lin R B, Zhu X J. 2012. Trilobite fauna of the Changhia Formation (Cambrian Series 3) from Shandong and adjacent area, North China (part 1) (in Chinese with English abstract). Palaeont Sin, 197 B (3). Beijing: Science Press. 467

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan J L, Li Y. 1999. Lower-Middle Cambrian boundary and trilobite fauna at Laoyingshan, Huainan, Anhui (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Palaeont Sin, 38: 407–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan J L, Li Y. 2014. Trilobites of the uppermost part of the Manto Formation (Hsuchuangian) at the Shiliuyuan, Yicheng District, Zaozhuang city, Shandong (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Palaeont Sin, 53: 497–526

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan J L, Ng T W. 2014. Tentative correlation of the Duyunian (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4) and the Taijiangian (Cambrian Series 3, Stage 5) between South China and the Mediterranean region. GFF, 136: 314–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan J L, Zhao Y L, Li Y, Huang Y Z. 2002. Trilobite fauna of the Kaili Formation (uppermost Lower Cambrian-lower Middle Cambrian) from southeastern Guizhou, South China (in Chinese with English abstract). Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers. 422

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan J L, Zhao Y L, Li Y. 2001. Biostratigraphy of oryctocephalid trilobites. Acta Palaeont Sin, 40(Suppl): 143–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan J L, Zhao Y L, Peng J, Zhu X J, Lin J P. 2009. Cambrian trilobite Ovatoryctocara granulataTchernysheva, 1962 and its biostratigraphic significance. Prog Nat Sci, 19: 213–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan J L, Zhao Y L, Wang Z Z, Zhou Z, Chen X Y. 1997. A preliminary study on Lower-Middle Cambrian boundary and trilobite fauna at Balang, Taijiang, Guizhou, South China (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Palaeont Sin, 36: 494–524

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan J L, Zhao Y L, Yang X L. 2006. Speciation of the genus Arthricocephalus Bergeron, 1899 (Trilobita) from the late early cambrian and its stratigraphic significance. Prog Nat Sci, 16: 614–623

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan J L, Zhao Y L. 1999. Subdivision and correlation of Lower Cambrian in southwest China, with a discussion of the age of Early Cambrian series biota (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Palaeont Sin, 39 (S1): 116–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan J L, Zhu X J, Lin J P, Zhu M Y. 2011. Tentative correlation of Cambrian Series 2 between South China and other continents. Bull Geosci, 86: 397–404

    Google Scholar 

  • Yue Z, Gao L Z, Qiao X F, Liu G Z. 1990. On the age of lower boundary of the Cambrian and the lower Cambrian sedimentary environment in Tonghua, Jilin Province (in Chinese with English abstract). Geol Rev, 36: 229–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Yue Z, Gao L Z. 1992. Paleontology, biostratigraphy and geological significance of the Early Cambrian protoconodonts and other skeletal microfossils from Aksu-Wushi region, Xinjiang, China (in Chinese with English abstract). Bull Inst Geol Chin Acad Geol Sci, 23: 133–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Yun H, Zhang X L, Li L Y, Zhang M Q, Liu W. 2016. Skeletal fossils and microfacies analysis of the lowermost Cambrian in the southwesternMargin of the North China Platform. J Asian Earth Sci, 129: 54–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhamoida A I. 2015. General Stratigraphic Scale of Russia: State of the art and problems. Rus Geol Geophys, 56: 511–523

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J M, Li G X, Zhou C M, Zhu M Y, Yu Z Y. 1997. Carbon isotope profiles and their correlation across the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian boundary interval on the Yangtze Platform, China. Bull Natl Mus Nat Sci, 10: 107–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J M, Wang H F, Li G X. 1999. Study on Sequence-stratigraphy and Chemostratigraphy of the Upper Cambrian Fengshan Formation— Lower Ordovician Yehli Formation at Dayangcha (Jilin) (in Chinese with English abstract). J Stratigr, 23: 81–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang S B, Gao Q Q. 1992. Sinian to Permian stratigraphy and Palaeontology of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang (II). Kalpin-Bachu Region (in Chinese with English abstract). Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press. 329

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang S G. 1983. Early Cambrian Archaeocyathids from Kuruktag, Xinjiang (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Palaeont Sin, 22: 9–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang S G, Zhang Y B, Yan H J. 2015. Introduction to the stratigraphic chart of China (2014) (in Chinese with English abstract). J Stratigr, 39: 359–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W T. 1987. World’s oldest Cambrian trilobites from eastern Yunnan. In: Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica, ed. Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of Systemic Boundaries in China. Precambrian-Cambrian Boundary 1. Hefei: Anhui Science and Technology Publishing House. 1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W T. 2006. Problems of Cambrian trilobite biogeography (in Chinese with English abstract). Earth Sci Frontiers, 13: 139–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W T, Babcock L E, Xiang L W, Sun W G, Luo H L, Jiang Z W. 2001. Lower Cambrian stratigraphy of Chengjiang, eastern Yunnan, China, with special notes on Chinese Parabadiella, Moroccan Abadiella and Australian Abadiella huoi. Acta Palaeont Sin, 40: 294–309

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W T, Lu Y H, Zhu Z L, Qian Y Y, Lin H L, Zhou Z Y, Zhang S G, Yuan J L. 1980b. Cambrian trilobite fauna of southwestern China (in Chinese with English abstract). Palaeont Sin, 159 B (16). Beijing: Science Press. 497

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W T, Xiang L W, Liu Y H, Meng X S. 1995. Cambrian stratigraphy and trilobites from Henan. Palaeont Cathayana, 6: 1–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W T, Yuan K X, Zhou Z Y, Qian Y, Wang Z Z. 1979. Cambrian of Southwest China. Biostratigraphy of Carbonates of Southwest China (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press. 39–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W T, Zhu Z L, Lin H L. 1980a. Stages and zones of the Cambrian System in China and its correlation. In: Scientific Papers on Geology for International Exchange Prepared for the 26th International Geological Congress (4), Stratigraphy and Palaeontology (in Chinese with English abstract). Beijing: Publishing House of Geology. 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W T, Zhu Z L. 1979. Notes on some trilobites from the Lower Cambrian Houjiashan Formation in southern and southwestern parts of North China (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Palaeont Sin. 18: 513–525

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W T, Zhu Z L. 2000. Cambrian System. In: Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ed. Stratigraphical Studies in China (1979–1999) (in Chinese). Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China Press. 3–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X L, Ahlberg P, Babcock L E, Choi D K, Geyer G, Gozalo R, Hollingsworth J S, Li G X, Naimark E B, Pegel T, Steiner M, Wotte T, Zhang Z F. 2017. Challenges in defining the base of Cambrian Series 2 and Stage 3. Earth-Sci Rev, 172: 124–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z Q, Zhang S F, Song Z Y, Chi S X. 1994. Suggestions on the division and correlation of the Cambrian-Early Ordovician stratigraphy in Shandong Province (in Chinese with English abstract). Shandong Geol, 10: 28–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y L, Peng J, Yuan J L, Babcock L E, Guo Q J, Yin L M, Yang X L, Tai T S, Wang C J, Lin J P, Gaines R R, Sun H J, Yang Y N. 2012. Discussion of candidate stratotypes for the GSSP defining the conterminous base of Cambrian provisional Series 3 and Stage 5. J Guizhou Univ, 29(Suppl): 35–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y L, Yuan J L, Zhu L J, Guo Q J, Yang R D, Yang X L, Tai T S. 2001a. An advance in the research of the Lower-Middle Cambrian boundary in South China and its prospects. J Stratigr, 25(Suppl): 383–390

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y L, Yu Y Y, Yuan J L, Yang X L, Guo G J. 2001b. Cambrian stratigraphy at Huanliang, Guozhou Province, China: Reference section for the base of the Nangaoan and Duyunian stages. Palaeoworld, 13: 172–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y L, Yuan J L, Esteve J, Peng J. 2017. The oryctocephalid trilobite zonation across the Cambrian Series 2-Series 3 boundary at Balang, South China: A reappraisal. Lethaia, 50: 400–406

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y L, Yuan J L, Guo Q J, Peng J, Yin L M, Yang Y L, Wang C J, Sun H J. 2014. Comments on some important issues concerning the establishment of a GSSP for Cambrian Stage 5. GFF, 136: 333–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhong D, Hao Y. 1990. Sinian to Permian Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, (I) Kuruktag Region (in Chinese with- English abstract). Nangjin: Nanjing University Press. 1–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou L K, Zhou J Z, Zhao M, Qin T X. 1991. Sedimentation and Hydrocarbon potential of Cambrian and Ordovician continental margins in northeastern Tarim Basin. In: Jia R X, ed. Research of Petroleum Geology of Northern Tarim Basin in China. Stratigraphy and Sedimentology (1) (in Chinese with English abstract). Beijing: China University of Geosciences Press. 126–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou M Z, Luo T Y, Liu S R, Qian Z K, Xing L C. 2013. SHRIMP zircon age for a K-bentonite in the top of the Laobao Formation at the Pingyin section, Guizhou, South China. Sci China Earth Sci, 56: 1677–1687

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Z Y, Yuan J L, Zhang Z H, Wu X R, Yin G Z. 1980. Classification and correlation of Cambrian in Guizhou (in Chinese). J Stratigr, 4: 273–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Z Y, Yuan J L. 1980. Lower Cambrian trilobite succession in southwest China (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Palaeont Sin, 19: 331–339

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Z Y. 2001. Stratigraphy of the Tarim Basin (in Chinese with English abstract). Beijing: Science Press. 359

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu M Y. 1997. Precambrian-Cambrian Trace Fossils from Eastern Yunnan: Implications for Cambrian Explosion. Bull Natl Mus Nat Sci, 10: 275–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu M Y, Babcock L E, Peng S C. 2006. Advances in Cambrian stratigraphy and paleontology: Integrating correlation techniques, paleobiology, taphonomy and paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Palaeoworld, 15: 217–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu M Y, Li G X, Zhang J M, Steiner M, Qian Y, Jiang Z W. 2001. Early Cambrian stratigraphy of East Yunnan, southwestern China: A synthesis. Acta Palaeont Sin, 40(Suppl): 4–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu M Y, Pak K L, Babcock L E, Rozanov A Yu. 2007. Chinese-Russian symposium on the Lower Cambrian Stratigraphy. Palaeont J, 41: 227–228

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu M Y, Yang A H, Li G X, Yuan J M. 2008. A working model for subdivision of the lower half Cambrian. In: Voronin T A, ed. 13th International Field Conference of the Cambrian Stage Subdivision Working Group. The Siberian Platform, Western Yakutia. SNIIGGiMS, Novosibirsk. 88–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu M Y, Yang B, Ahn S Y, Tsukui K, Zhuravlev A Y, Steiner M, Zhao F C, Ramezani J, Wood R A, Bowring S A. 2017b. Insight into the base of the Cambrian: New data from South China and Siberia. In: McIlroy G, ed. Abstract Volume of the International Symposium on the Ediacaran-Cambrian Transition. 135

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu M Y, Zhang J M, Babcock L E, Bowring S A, Ahn S Y, He T C, Yang A H, Li G X, Zhao F C, Yin Z J. 2015. Identification and correlation of the Cambrian base: Problems and potential solutions. In: Gülli E, Piller W E. eds. STRATI 2015, Abstract Ber Inst Erdwiss K-F-Univ Graz, Band 21: 436

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu M Y, Zhang J M, Li G X, Yang A H. 2004. Evolution of C isotopes in the Cambrian of China: Implications for Cambrian subdivision and trilobiteMass extinctions. Geobios, 37: 287–301

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu M Y, Zhang J M, Steiner M, Yang A H, Li G X, Erdtmann B D. 2003. Sinian-Cambrian stratigraphic framework for shallow- to deep-water environments of the Yangtze Platform: An integrated approach. Prog Nat Sci, 13: 951–960

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu M Y, Zhang J M, Yang A H, Li G X, Yang X L. 2006. The First Series of the Cambrian of South China. Subdivision and correlation. In: Jago J B, ed. South Australia 2006. XI International Conference of the Cambrian Subdivision Working Group. South Australia, August 14–24, 2006. Geological Society of Australia, Abstracts Number 84: 43–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu M Y, Zhuravlev A Y, Wood R A, Zhao F C, Sukhov S S. 2017a. A deep root for the Cambrian explosion: Implications of new bio- and chemostratigraphy from the Siberian Platform. Geology, 45: 459–462

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu R X, Li X H, Hou X G, Pan Y X, Wang F, Deng C L, He H Y. 2009. SIMS U-Pb zircon age of a tuff layer in the Meishucun section, Yunnan, southwest China: Constraint on the age of the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci, 52: 1385–1392

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu Z L, Xiang W L, Zhang S G, Liu S C, Luo K L, Du S X, Liang Z W. 2007. New knowledge about trilobite biostratigraphy of the Cambrian Gushanian Stage (in Chinese with English abstract). J Strat, 31: 165–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhuravlev A Yu, Liñán E, Vintaned J A G, Debrenne F, Fedorov A B. 2012. New finds of skeletal fossils in the terminal Neoproterozoic of the Siberian Platform and Spain. Acta Palaeontol Polon, 57: 205–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhuravlev A Yu, Wood R A. 1996. Anoxia as the cause of the mid-Early Cambrian (Botomian) extinction event. Geology, 24: 311–314

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuo J X, Peng S C, Zhu X J. 2008. Carbon isotope composition of Cambrian carbonate rocks in Yangtze Platform, South China and its geological implications (in Chinese with English abstract). Geochemica, 37: 118–128

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Jiayu Rong and Shuzhong Shen for their encouragement and support for this review, Shanchi Peng, Yuanlong Zhao and an anonymous reviewer for their critical comments and suggestions, and Frederick Bowyer for language improvement. The review benefited from discussions and collaborations with numerous colleagues all over China and abroad in the past two decades. The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41672029, 41661134048) and the Strategic Priority Research Program (B) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos. XDB18000000, XDB10010101).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy & Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China

    Maoyan Zhu, Jingliang Yuan, Guoxiang Li, Junming Zhang, Fangchen Zhao, Soo-Yeun Ahn & Lanyun Miao

  2. College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Maoyan Zhu

  3. Centre for Research and Education on Bilogical Evolution and Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China

    Maoyan Zhu & Aihua Yang

Authors
  1. Maoyan Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Aihua Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jingliang Yuan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Guoxiang Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Junming Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Fangchen Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Soo-Yeun Ahn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Lanyun Miao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maoyan Zhu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhu, M., Yang, A., Yuan, J. et al. Cambrian integrative stratigraphy and timescale of China. Sci. China Earth Sci. 62, 25–60 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-017-9291-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-017-9291-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation