Abstract
Aerodynamic roughness length is an important physical parameter in atmospheric numerical models and micrometeorological calculations, the accuracy of which can affect numerical model performance and the level of micrometeorological computations. Many factors influence the aerodynamic roughness length, but formulas for its parameterization often only consider the action of a single factor. This limits their adaptive capacity and often introduces considerable errors in the estimation of land surface momentum flux (friction velocity). In this study, based on research into the parameterization relations between aerodynamic roughness length and influencing factors such as windflow conditions, thermodynamic characteristics of the surface layer, natural rhythm of vegetation growth, ecological effects of interannual fluctuations of precipitation, and vegetation type, an aerodynamic roughness length parameterization scheme was established. This considers almost all the factors that affect aerodynamic roughness length on flat land surfaces with short vegetation. Furthermore, using many years’ data recorded at the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University, a comparative analysis of the application of the proposed parameterization scheme and other experimental schemes was performed. It was found that the error in the friction velocity estimated by the proposed parameterization scheme was considerably less than that estimated using a constant aerodynamic roughness length and by the other parameterization schemes. Compared with the friction velocity estimated using a constant aerodynamic roughness length, the correlation coefficient with the observed friction velocity increased from 0.752 to 0.937, and the standard deviation and deviation decreased by about 20% and 80%, respectively. Its mean value differed from the observed value by only 0.004 m s−1 and the relative error was only about 1.6%, which indicates a significant decrease in the estimation error of surface-layer momentum flux. The test results show that the multifactorial universal parameterization scheme of aerodynamic roughness length for flat land surfaces with short vegetation can offer a more scientific parameterization scheme for numerical atmospheric models.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arya S P S. 1975. Buoyancy effects in a horizontal flat-plate boundary layer. J Fluid Mech, 68: 321–343
Blihco R G, Partheniades E. 1971. Turbulence characteristics in free surface flows over smooth and rough boundaries. J Hyd Res, 9: 43–69
Cao W J. 1991. An overview of roughness length, China (in Chinese). Meteor Mon, 17: 46–47
Charnock H. 1955. Wind stress over a water surface. Q J R Meteorol Soc, 81: 639–640
Chen J Y, Wang J M, Guang T N. 1993. An independent method to determine the surface roughness length, China (in Chinese). Chin J Atmos Sci, 17: 21–26
Coelho S L V, Hunt J C R. 1989. Vorticity dynamics of the near field of strong jets in cross flows. J Fluid Mech, 200: 411–445
Dickinson R E, Kenney P J. 1986. Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) for the NCAR Community Climate Model National Center for Atmospheric Research. Boulder, CO, Tech Note/TN-275+ STR
Dyer A J. 1974. A review of flux-profile relationships. Bound-Layer Meteor, 7: 363–372
Dyer A J, Bradley E F. 1982. An alternative analysis of flux-gradient relationships at the 1976 ITCE. Bound-Layer Meteor, 22: 3–19
Garratt J R. 1992. The Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Huang J, Guan X, Ji F. 2012. Enhanced cold-season warming in semi-arid regions. Atmos Chem Phys, 12: 4627–4653
Huang J P. 2008. An overview of the semi-arid climate and environment research observatory over the Loess Plateau. Adv Atmos Sci, 25: 906–921
Jia L, Wang J M, Hu Z Y. 2000. The characteristics of roughness length for heat and its influence on determination of sensible heat flux in arid zone, China (in Chinese). Plateau Meteor, 19: 395–503
Joffre S M. 1982. Momentum and heat transfers in the surface layer over a frozen sea. Bound-Layer Meteor, 24: 211–229
Kaimal J C, Finnigan J J. 1994. Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows. New York: Oxford University Press. 70
Kondo J, Yamazawa H. 1986. Aerodynamic roughness over an inhomogeneous ground surface. Bound-Layer Meteor, 35: 331–348
Lettau H. 1969. Note on aerodynamic roughness-parameter estimation on the basis of roughness element description. J Appl Meteorol, 8: 828–832
Li Z S, Chen G T. 1997. A review of roughness length, China (in Chinese). J Desert Res, 17: 99–102
Martano P. 2000. Estimation of surface roughness length and displacement height from SingleLevel Sonic Anemometer Data. J Appl Meteorol, 39: 708–715
Mei F M, Rajot J, Alfaro S, et al. 2006. Variation of aerodynamic roughness length in flat sandlot and its physical significance, China (in Chinese). Prog Nat Sci, 16: 325–330
Monin A S, Obukhov A M. 1954. Basic laws of turbulence mixing in the surface layer of the atmosphere. Trudy Geofiz Inst AN SSSR, 24: 163–187
Monteith J L. 1973. Principles of Environmental Physics. London: Edward Arnold. 241
Mwenderaa E J, Feyen J. 1994. Effects of tillage and rainfall on soil surface roughness and properties. Soil Tech, 7: 93–103
Paulson C A. 1970. The mathematical representation of wind speed and temperature profiles in the unstable atmospheric surface layer. J Appl Meteorol, 9: 857–861
Schmid H P, Bunzli B. 1995. The influence of surface texture on the effective roughness length. Q J R Meteorol Soc, 121: 1–21
Sellers P J, Mintz Y, Sud Y C, et al. 1986. A simple biosphere model (SIB) for use within general circulation models. J Atmos Sci, 43: 505–531
Stull R B. 1988. An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers
Stull R B. 1991. An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology (in Chinese). Translated by Yang C X. Beijing: China Meteorological Press. 719
Wang G, Huang J, Guo W, et al. 2011. Observation analysis of landatmosphere interactions over the Loess Plateau of northwest China. J Geophys Res, 115: D00K17, doi: 10.1029/2009JD013372
Wood N, Mason P. 1991. The influence of static stability on the effective roughness lengths for momentum and heat transfer. Q J R Meteorol Soc, 117: 1025–1056
Wu J. 1988. On nondimensional correlation between roughness length and wind-friction velocity. J Oceanogr Soc Jpn, 44: 254–260
Yan H R, Huang J, Minnis P, et al. 2011. Comparison of CERES surface radiation fluxes with surface observations over Loess Plateau. Remote Sens Environ, 115: 1489–1500
Yao T, Zhang Q, Yin H. 2014. The annual variation and its influence mechanism of surface roughness length of Yuzhong in semi-arid mountains area, China (in Chinese). J Appl Meteor Sci, 25: 454–462
Zhang H S, Chen J Y. 1997. Estimation of aerodynamic parameters on non-single horizontal homogeneous underlying surface, China (in Chinese). J Appl Meteor Sci, 8:310–315
Zhang Q, Hu X J, Wang S, et al. 2009b. Some technological and scientific issues about the experimental study of land surface processes in Chinese Loess Plateau (LOPEX), China (in Chinese). Adv Earth Sci, 24: 363–371
Zhang Q, Hu Y J. 2001. Scientific problems and advance of atmospheric boundary physics, China (in Chinese). Adv Earth Sci, 16: 526–532
Zhang Q, Li H Y, Yue P. 2013a. Responses of the land-surface process and its parameters over the natural vegetation underlying surface of the middle of Gansu in loess plateau to precipitation fluctuation, China (in Chinese). Acta Phys Sin, 62: 019201
Zhang Q, Li H Y, Zhao J H, et al. 2012c. Modification of the land surface energy balance relationship by introducing vertical sensible heat advection and soil heat storage over the Loess Plateau. Sci China Earth Sci, 55: 580–589
Zhang Q, Lü S H. 2003. The determination of roughness length over city surface, China (in Chinese). Plateau Meteor, 22: 25–31
Zhang Q, Wang S. 2008. On Land surface processes and its experimental study in Chinese Loess Plateau, China (in Chinese). Adv Earth Sci, 23: 167–173
Zhang Q, Wang S, Zhang J, et al. 2009a. The progress on land surface processes and atmospheric boundary layer in arid regions, China (in Chinese). Adv Earth Sci, 24: 1185–1194
Zhang Q, Yao T, Yue P, et al. 2013b. The influences of thermodynamic characteristics on aerodynamic roughness length over land surface. Acta Meteor Sin, 27: 249–262
Zhang Q, Zeng J, Yao T. 2012a. Interaction of aerodynamic roughness length and windflow condition and its parameterization over vegetation surface. Chin Sci Bull, 57: 1559–1567
Zhang Q, Zeng J, Zhang L Y. 2012b. Characteristics of land surface thermal-hydrologic processes for different regions over North China during prevailing summer monsoon period. Sci China Earth Sci, 55: 1872–1880
Zhou Y L, Sun X M, Zhu Z L, et al. 2006. Surface roughness length dynamic over several different surfaces and its effects on modeling fluxes. Sci China Earth Sci, 49 (Suppl): 262–272
Zilitinkevich S S, Mammarella I, Baklanov A A, et al. 2008. The effect of stratification on the aerodynamic roughness length and displacement height. Bound-Layer Meteor, 129: 179–190
Zuo J, Huang J, Wang J, et al. 2009. Surface turbulent flux measurements over the Loess Plateau for a semi-arid climate change study. Adv Atmos Sci, 26: 679–691
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, Q., Yao, T. & Yue, P. Development and test of a multifactorial parameterization scheme of land surface aerodynamic roughness length for flat land surfaces with short vegetation. Sci. China Earth Sci. 59, 281–295 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-015-5137-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-015-5137-z