Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The multi-concentration and two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis method for the analysis of drugs in urine samples

  • Articles
  • Published:
Science China Chemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A novel method has been developed by integration of multi-concentration and two-dimensional (2D) capillary electrophoresis (CE) for simultaneous enhancement of detection sensitivity and separation power in complex samples. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was used as the first dimension separation according to mobilities, from which the effluent fractions were further analyzed by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) acting as the second dimension. Cation-selective exhaustive injection (CSEI) preconcentration method was used to introduce more analytes into the capillary. Furthermore, pH junction and sweeping dual concentration strategies were employed to avoid sample zone diffusion at the interface. The resulting electrophoregram was quite different from that of either CZE or MEKC separation. Up to (0.5–1.2) × 104 fold improvements in sensitivity were obtained relative to the conventional electrokinetic injection method. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of drugs in human urine.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Michels DA, Hu S, Schoenherr RM, Eggertson MJ, Dovichi NJ. Fully automated two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis for high sensitivity protein analysis. Mol Cell Proteomics, 2002, 1: 69–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Schoenherr RM, Ye M, Vannatta M, Dovichi NJ. CE-microreactor-CE-MS/MS for protein analysis. Anal Chem, 2007, 79: 2230–2238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Mohan D, Lee CS. On-line coupling of capillary isoelectric focusing with transient isotachophoresis-zone electrophoresis: a two-dimensional separation system for proteomics. Electrophoresis, 2002, 23: 3160–3167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Zhang M, El Rassi Z. Two-dimensional microcolumn separation platform for proteomics consisting of on-line coupled capillary isoelectric focusing and capillary electrochromatography. J Proteome Res, 2006, 5: 2001–2008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Anouti S, Vandenabeele-Trambouze O, Koval D, Cottet H. Heartcutting two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis for the on-line purification and separation of derivatized amino acids. Anal Chem, 2008, 80: 1730–1736

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Anouti S, Vandenabeele-Trambouze O, Koval D, Cottet H. Heart-cutting 2-D CE using multiple detection points for chiral analysis of native amino acids. Electrophoresis, 2009, 30: 2–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Yang C, Zhang L, Liu H, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis involving capillary isoelectric focusing and capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A, 2003, 1018: 97–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Yang C, Liu H, Yang Q, Zhang L, Zhang W, Zhang Y. On-line hyphenation of capillary isoelectric focusing and capillary gel electrophoresis by a dialysis interface. Anal Chem, 2003, 75: 215–218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Liu H, Yang C, Yang Q, Zhang W, Zhang Y. On-line combination of capillary isoelectric focusing and capillary non-gel sieving electrophoresis using a hollow-fiber membrane interface: a novel two-dimensional separation system for proteins. J Chromatogr B, 2005, 817: 119–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Liu H, Zhang L, Zhu G, Zhang W, Zhang Y. An etched porous interface for on-line capillary electrophoresis-based two-dimensional separation system. Anal Chem, 2004, 76: 6506–6512

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Gong M, Wehmeyer KR, Limbach PA, Arias F, Heineman WR. On-line sample preconcentration using field-amplified stacking injection in microchip capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chem, 2006, 78: 3730–3737

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Fang H, Zeng Z, Liu L. Centrifuge microextraction coupled with on-line back-extraction field-amplified sample injection method for the determination of trace ephedrine derivatives in the urine and serum. Anal Chem, 2006, 78: 6043–6049

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Macià A, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. Improving sensitivity by large-volume sample stacking using the electroosmotic flow pump to analyze some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by capillary electrophoresis in water samples. Electrophoresis, 2003, 24: 2779–2787

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Quirino JP, Terabe S. Exceeding 5000-fold concentration of dilute analytes in the micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Science, 1998, 282: 465–468

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Isoo K, Terabe S. Analysis of metal ions by sweeping via dynamic complexation and cation-selective exhaustive injection in capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chem, 2003, 75: 6789–6798

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Britz-McKibbin P, Chen DDY. Selective focusing of catecholamines and weakly acidic compounds by capillary electrophoresis using a dynamic pH junction. Anal Chem, 2000, 72: 1242–1252

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Jung B, Bharadwaj R, Santiago JG. On-chip millionfold sample stacking using transient isotachophoresis. Anal Chem, 2006, 78: 2319–2327

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China

    ZhaoXiang Zhang & Feng Li

  2. School of Science, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao, 266033, China

    XiaoWei Zhang

Authors
  1. ZhaoXiang Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. XiaoWei Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Feng Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to ZhaoXiang Zhang or Feng Li.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zhang, Z., Zhang, X. & Li, F. The multi-concentration and two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis method for the analysis of drugs in urine samples. Sci. China Chem. 53, 1183–1189 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-010-0054-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-010-0054-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation