Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

How does one recognize contextual mitigating factors (CMFs) as a basis to understand and arrive at better approaches to research designs?

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Cultural Studies of Science Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper we introduce the concept of contextual mitigating factors (CMFs) as an analytical tool for interrogating the contextual landscapes that situate one’s research. While we understand that much work has been done on the importance of identifying context in research programs, we continue to stress the importance of developing contextually rich and useful descriptions. The importance of developing contextually rich descriptions that are inclusive of CMFs in the research process to include research designs is underscored in this paper. In using the term context, we are referring to the conglomerate of CMFs that situate, define and occupy complex systems of multiple spaces that create, shape, and continuously modify, contextual landscapes. Complex systems thinking is our basis for understanding that CMFs are a continuous set of socio-historical-political contextual constructs, fluid and dynamic, simultaneously interweaving socially constructed places together. By doing so, we stress that conceptually it is important for a researcher to understand that context is positioned and, as such, all phenomena studied are situated. In order to fully grasp how data presented have been positioned, we underscore the importance of the development of radical doubt (RD) which leads to tactical understanding (TU) by both researchers and consumers of research. Commensurate to the development of RD and TU is understanding how both the researcher and consumer of research have been positioned by their ontological, epistemological and axiological frameworks. Through several examples we demonstrate how CMF analysis as a tool can contribute to researchers abilities to further enhance their analysis of the complexity of socio-educational phenomena such as the science, technology, engineering and mathematics intervention pipelines. Accordingly, we present CMF analysis as a framework with the intent of adding to existing methodologies as opposed to CMF analysis as an exclusive research pathway. We conclude by discussing implications for sponsoring agencies by drawing attention to the potential impact of CMF analysis on evaluating research designs.

Resumen

En este artículo presentamos el concepto de factores contextuales mitigantes (CMFs por sus siglas en inglés) como una herramienta analítica para interrogar los escenarios contextuales que sitúan la investigación de cada uno. Si bien entendemos que muchos investigadores han escrito sobre la importancia de identificar e incluir el contexto en programas de investigación, continuamos enfatizando la importancia de desarrollar descripciones contextuales detalladas y útiles. En este documento se subraya la importancia de desarrollar descripciones contextualmente enriquecidas, a través de la inclusión de CMFs, en el proceso de investigación incluyendo en el diseño de la misma investigación. Al utilizar el término contexto, nos referimos al conglomerado de CMFs que sitúan, definen y ocupan sistemas complejos de múltiples espacios que crean, configuran y modifican continuamente los escenarios contextuales. El modelo de sistemas de pensamiento complejo (CST por sus siglas en inglés) son nuestra base para entender que los CMFs son un continuo de construcciones contextuales socio-histórico-políticas, fluidas y dinámicas, que entrelazan lugares construidos socialmente. Asimismo, enfatizamos que para un investigador, es conceptualmente importante comprender que el contexto ocupa un lugar importante y, como tal, todos los fenómenos estudiados están situados. Con el fin de entender con profundidad cómo se han posicionado los datos presentados, resaltamos la importancia del desarrollo de la duda radical (RD por sus siglas en inglés) lo que conlleva al entendimiento táctico (TU por sus siglas en inglés), tanto por los investigadores como por los interesados-consumidores de investigaciones. Junto con el desarrollo de la RD y el TU, está el comprender cómo el investigador, así como los consumidores de investigaciones, entienden sus marcos ontológicos, epistemológicos y axiológicos. A través de varios ejemplos, demostramos cómo el análisis de los CMFs empleados como herramienta, puede contribuir a enriquecer y mejorar el análisis de la complejidad de los fenómenos socioeducativos mediante canales de intervención en ciencia, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas (STEM por sus siglas en inglés). Es así que presentamos el análisis de los CMFs como un marco con la intención de contribuir con las metodologías existentes y no como una vía exclusiva de investigación. Concluimos discutiendo las implicaciones para las instituciones financiadoras, llamando la atención sobre el impacto potencial del análisis de los CMFs en la evaluación de los diseños de investigación.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baggini, J. (2002). René Descartes: Meditations on first philosophy (1641). In Philosophy: Key texts. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-1370-8_3.

  • Baum, A. (1984). Holons: Three conceptions. Systems Research,1, 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.3850010207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1976). Le sens pratique. Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales,2(1), 43–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1988). Cosas Dichas. Barcelona: Gedisa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braddock, J. H., II, & McPartland, J. (1981). Assessing school desegregation effects: New directions in research. Research in Sociology of Education and Socialization,3, 259–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. L. (1992). Design experiments: Theoretical and methodological challenges in creating complex interventions in classroom settings. The Journal of the Learning Sciences,2(2), 141–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cashin, S. (2005). The failures of integration: How race and class are undermining the American dream. New York: Public Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, B., & Sumara, D. (2006). Complexity and education. Inquiries into learning, teaching, and research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallard Martínez, A. J., & Antrop-González, A. (2013). The use of de jure to maintain a de facto status quo. Cultural Studies of Science Education,3, 991–996. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11422-013-9523-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallard Martínez, A., Pitts, W., Ramos de Robles, S. L., Milton Brkich, K., Flores Bustos, B., & Claeys, L. (2018). Discerning contextual complexities in STEM career pathwaysInsights from successful Latinas. Manuscript submitted for publication.

  • Gruenewald, D. A. (2003). The best of both worlds: A critical pedagogy of place. Educational Researcher,32(4), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X032004003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guba, E. G., & Lincoln. Y. S. (2005). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging influences. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 191–216). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harwell, M., & LeBeau, B. (2010). Student eligibility for a free lunch as an SES measure in education research. Educational Researcher,39(2), 120–131. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X10362578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kincheloe, J. L., McKinley, E., Lim, M., & Calabrese, A. (2006). A conversation on ‘Sense of place’ in science learning. Cultural Studies of Science Education,1, 143–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11422-005-9003-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koestler, A. (1967). The ghost in the machine. London: Huchinson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladson-Billings, G. (2006). From the achievement gap to the education debt: Understanding achievement in US schools. Educational Researcher,35(7), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X035007003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, P., & Schiller, N. G. (2004). Conceptualizing simultaneity: A transnational social field perspective on society. International Migration Review,38(145), 595–629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luhmann, N. (1995). Social systems. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luttrell, V. L., Bufkin, J. L., Eastman, V. J., & Miller, R. (2010). Teaching scientific writing: Measuring student learning in an intensive APA skills course. Teaching of Psychology,37(3), 193–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986283.2010.488531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maanen, Van. (2011). Tales of the field: On writing ethnography. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • McPartland, J. (1969). The relative influence of school and of classroom desegregation on the academic achievement of ninth grade negro students. Journal of Social Issues,25(3), 93–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishler, E. (1979). Meaning in context: Is there another kind? Harvard Educational Review,49(6), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.49.1.b748n4133677245p.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morales, E. (2018). LatinX: The new force in American politics and culture. New York: Penguin Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. (2013). Women, minorities, and persons with disabilities in science and engineering: 2013. Special Report NSF 13-304. Arlington, VA.

  • Peller, G. (2012). Critical race consciousness: The puzzle of representation. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, M. P. (2017). The gerrymandering of school attendance zones and the racial and ethnic segregation of American public schools: A geospatial analysis. American Educational Research Journal,51(6), 1119–1157. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831214553652.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, W. M. (2007). Toward a dialectical notion and praxis of scientific literacy. Journal of Curriculum Studies,39(4), 377–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220270601032025.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Say, L., & Raine, R. (2007). A systematic review of inequalities in the use of maternal healthcare in developing countries: Examining the scale of the problem and the importance of context. Bulletin of the World Health Organization,85(10), 812–819.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. C. (2013). Research as transformative learning for meaning-centered professional development. In O. Kovbasyuk & P. Blessinger (Eds.), Meaning-centred education: International perspectives and explorations in higher education (pp. 168–185). New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tobin, K. (2009). Sociocultural perspectives on science and science education. In Keynote address at 8th international congress on science teaching and learning, Barcelona, Spain.

  • Van Eijck, M., & Roth, W.-M. (2010). Towards a chronotopic theory of “place” in place-based education. Cultural Studies of Science Education,5, 869–898. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11422-010-9278-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, V. S. (1996). Their highest potential: An African American school community in the segregated south. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Zirkel, S., Garcia, J., & Murphy, M. (2015). Experience-sampling research methods and their potential for education research. Educational Researcher,44(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X14566879.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alejandro José Gallard Martínez.

Additional information

Lead Editor: Emilia Alfonso.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Martínez, A.J.G., Pitts, W.B., Brkich, K.M. et al. How does one recognize contextual mitigating factors (CMFs) as a basis to understand and arrive at better approaches to research designs?. Cult Stud of Sci Educ 15, 545–567 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11422-018-9872-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11422-018-9872-2

Keywords

Palabras claves

Navigation