Abstract
Although there is considerable research on Caucasian sexual offenders, there has been much less research on sex offenders of Asian heritage. The current study compared East Asian (e.g., Chinese, Japanese, and Korean) sex offenders in British Columbia (B.C.), Canada, and other B.C. sex offenders on items and total score of Static-99R. This study included all provincially sentenced adult male sexual offenders (n = 4580) supervised in the community by B. C. Corrections (including 122 East Asian sex offenders). Sexual, violent, any crime, and any recidivism (including technical violations) data were collected with an average follow-up 4.3 years. The total scores of Static-99R were similar between East Asian sex offenders and other ethnic groups (M = 2.0 vs. M = 2.4). East Asian offenders scored significantly lower than other ethnic offenders on several items measuring general criminality (e.g., prior non-sexual violence, prior sentencing dates, and any prior sex offenses). In contrast, Asian offenders appeared to be more paraphilic (e.g., any convictions for non-contact sex offenses). Lastly, Static-99R significantly predicts sexual, violent, and criminal among sex offenders of East Asian heritage.
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02 November 2017
The original version of this article unfortunately contained an error. The Appendix table was incorrectly formatted and entries were misaligned. The correct table is now given in this article.
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The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
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The research was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Province of British Columbia and B.C. Corrections and the Canadian Tri-council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans.
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For this type of research, informed consent was not required.
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R. Karl Hanson is an author and certified Static-99R trainer. The copyright for Static-99R is held by the government of Canada.
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The original version of this article was revised: Modifications have been made to the Appendix. Full information regarding corrections made can be found in the correction article for this article.
We would like to thank the British Columbia Corrections for access to the data used in this study, Maaike Helmus for assistance with the data analysis, and Boram Kim for assistance with the Chinese translation.
The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and not necessarily those of Public Safety Canada or B.C. Corrections.
A correction to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-017-9258-5.
Appendix: Static-99R Coding Form
Appendix: Static-99R Coding Form
Item # (项目#) | Risk Factor (危险因素) | Codes | Score | |
1 | Age at release from index sex offense (年輕) | 18 to 34.9 35 to 39.9 40 to 59.9 60 or older (60岁以上) | 1 0 -1 -3 | |
2 | Ever lived with a lover for at least 2 years? (曾經跟親密的伴侶一起生活-二年) | Yes (有) No (没有) | 0 1 | |
3 | Index non-sexual violence- Any convictions (指數非性暴力-任何的判定) | No (没有) Yes (有) | 0 1 | |
4 | Prior non-sexual violence- Any convictions (先前的非性暴力-任何的判定) | No (没有) Yes (有) | 0 1 | |
5 | Prior sex offenses (excluding index) (先前的性攻擊) | Charges (起诉) | Convictions (被判有罪) | |
0 1, 2 3-5 6+ | 0 1 2,3 4+ | 0 1 2 3 | ||
6 | Prior sentencing dates (excluding index) (先前的刑期) | 3 or less (3以下) 4 or more (4 以上) | 0 1 | |
7 | Any convictions for non-contact sex offenses (任何的判定對於非接觸性攻擊案例) | No (没有) Yes (有) | 0 1 | |
8 | Any Unrelated Victims (任何不相關的受害者) | No (没有) Yes (有) | 0 1 | |
9 | Any Stranger Victims (任何陌生的受害者) | No (没有) Yes (有) | 0 1 | |
10 | Any Male Victims (任何男性的受害者) | No (没有) Yes (有) | 0 1 | |
Total Score (总分) | Add up scores from individual risk factors | |||
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Nominal Risk Levels (名义危险 程度) | Total (总分) | Risk Level (危险程度) | |
-3, -2 | I | - Very Low Risk (很低) | |
-1, 0 | II | - Below Average Risk (平均以下) | |
1, 2, 3 | III | - Average Risk (平均) | |
4, 5 | IVa | - Above Average Risk (平均以上) | |
6 + | IVb | - Well Above Average Risk (更高的平均) | |
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Lee, S.C., Hanson, R.K. & Zabarauckas, C.L. Sex Offenders of East Asian Heritage Resemble Other Canadian Sex Offenders. Asian Criminology 13, 1–15 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-017-9252-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-017-9252-y