Abstract
Purpose
Cd immobilization can be affected by many factors, among which the soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), and amendment types are the most critical factors that have been considered in many previous studies. The objective of this study was to find the amendments with best performance for Cd remediation in soils with different range of soil pH and SOM.
Materials and methods
The effects of soil pH, SOM, and amendment types on soil Cd fractions and Cd uptake by rice were investigated by meta-analysis performed on MetaWin software, based on relevant data of 513 observations from 51 published papers that studied the soil fields in China from 2000 to 2020.
Results and discussion
Cd immobilization was more responsive to amendments when soil pH ≤ 6.0 as compared with those with pH higher than 6.0, which is probably because most amendments increased the soil pH and thus decreased the Cd activity. The Cd immobilization was most effective with the presence of 20–30 g/kg SOM; excessive SOM activated Cd in soil. Synthetic material appeared to be the most effective amendment on immobilization of the exchangeable fraction of Cd in soil by 42.5% inhibition rate. Biochar showed the strongest inhibition effect on the Cd uptake by rice (65.2% inhibition rate), while organic material exhibited the lowest immobilization effect.
Conclusions
We demonstrated that amendments showed best performance under conditions of soil pH ≤ 6.0 and SOM of 20–30 g/kg, and biochar is an effective amendment to remediate Cd-contaminated soils. The findings enable us to remediate Cd contamination on farmland more effectively and efficiently according to the local conditions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmad M, Lee SS, Lim JE, Lee SE, Cho JS, Moon DH, Hashimoto Y, Ok YS (2014) Speciation and phytoavailability of lead and antimony in a small arms range soil amended with mussel shell, cow bone and biochar: EXAFS spectroscopy and chemical extractions. Chemosphere 95:433–441
Ali EN, Sabry MS, Yong SO, Jörg R (2018) Biochar affects the dissolved and colloidal concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn and their phytoavailability and potential mobility in a mining soil under dynamic redox–conditions. Sci Total Environ 624:1059–1071
Amanullah M, Wang P, Li RH, Zhang ZQ (2015) Immobilization of lead and cadmium in contaminated soil using amendments: a review. Pedosphere 25(4):555–568
Biederman LA, Harpole WS (2013) Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: a meta–analysis. GCB Bioenergy 5(2):202–214
Bolan N, Kunhikrishnan A, Thangarajan R, Kumpiene J, Park J, Makino T, Kirkham MB, Scheckel K (2014) Remediation of heavy metal(loid)s contaminated soils—to mobilize or to immobilize? J Hazard Mater 266:141–166
Brännvall E, Kumpiene J (2016) Fly ash in landfill top covers a review. Environ Sci Processes Impacts 18:11–21
Briedis C, De Moraes Sá JC, Caires EF, De Fátima NJ, Inagaki TM, Boer A, De Oliveira FA, Neto CQ, Canalli LB, Bürkner dos Santos J (2012) Changes in organic matter pools and increases in carbon sequestration in response to surface liming in an Oxisol under long-term no-till. Soil Sci Soc Am J 76(1):151–160
Brown S, Chaney R, Hallfrisch J, Ryan JA, Berti WR (2004) In situ soil treatments to reduce the phyto–and bioavailability of lead, zinc, and cadmium. J Environ Qual 33:522–531
Cao XD, Ammar W, Ma L, Bing LD, Yang YL (2009) Immobilization of Zn, Cu, and Pb in contaminated soils using phosphate rock and phosphoric acid. J Hazard Mater 164(2–3):555–564
Cao XD, Wei XX, Dai GL, Yang YL (2011) Combined pollution of multiple heavy metals and their chemical immobilization in contaminated soils: a review. Chinese J Environ Eng 5(7):1441–1453
Chen L, Liu YB, Dang XL, Cong YX, Lv JS, Zhang X, Hu YM (2018) Effect of combined application of cow manure and corn straw on cadmium species in brown soil and its uptake by maize. J Soil Water Conserv 32(5):313–317
Chen SB, Wang M, Li SS, Zheng H, Lei XQ, Sun XY, Wang LF (2019) Current status and the deliberations on heavy metal pollution in farmlands and its prevention in China. Earth Sci Front
Claudia R, Balaji S, Paola A, Nanthi SB, Kenneth M, Ravi N (2018) Impact of waste–derived organic and inorganic amendments on the mobility and bioavailability of arsenic and cadmium in alkaline and acid soils. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:25896–25905
Clemens S (2006) Toxic metal accumulation, responses to exposure and mechanisms of tolerance in plants. Biochimie 88(11):1707–1719
Clemente R, Hartley W, Riby P, Dickinson NM, Lepp NW (2010) Trace element mobility in a contaminated soil two years after field amendment with a green waste compost mulch. Environ Pollut 158:1644–1651
Dai Z, Zhang X, Tang C, Muhammad N, Wu J, Brookes PC, Xu J (2017) Potential role of biochars in decreasing soil acidification—a critical review. Sci Total Environ 581:601–611
Ding F, Lukas VZ, Zhang WD, Weng ZH, Shi SW, Wang JK, Meng J (2018) A meta–analysis and critical evaluation of influencing factors on soil carbon priming following biochar amendment. J Soils Sediments 18:1507–1517
Duan MM, Wang S, Huang DY, Zhu QH, Liu SL, Zhang Q, Zhu HH, Xu C (2018) Effectiveness of simultaneous applications of lime and zinc/iron foliar sprays to minimize cadmium accumulation in rice. Ecotox Environ Safety 165:510–515
Eric FZ, Brian JR, Hans PHA, Guo XS, Hai YY, Yong GZ (2018) Advances in research on the use of biochar in soil for remediation: a review. J Soils Sediments 18:2433–2450
Gholami L, Rahimi G (2020) Chemical fractionation of copper and zinc after addition of carrot pulp biochar and thiourea-modified biochar to a contaminated soil. Environ Technol:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2020.1733101
Gong YZ, Liu YX, Liu SY, Ye JS, Zeng SC (2011) Available zinc and cadmium contents in forest soils of Guangdong province and their relations with organic matter and pH. J South China Agr Univ 32(1):15–18
Grant C, Flaten D, Tenuta M, Malhi S, Akinremi W (2013) The effect of rate and Cd concentration of repeated phosphate fertilizer applications on seed Cd concentration varies with crop type and environment. Plant Soil 372:221–233
Gray CW, Dunham SJ, Dennis PG (2006) Field evaluation of in situ remediation of a heavy metal contaminated soil using lime and red–mud. Environ Pollut 142(3):530–539
Gul S, Naz A, Fareed I, Irshad M (2015) Reducing heavy metals extraction from contaminated soils using organic and inorganic amendments—a review. Pol J Environ Stud 24:1423–1426
Hajeb P, Sloth JJ, Shakibazadeh S, Mahyudin NA, Afsah-Hejri L (2014) Toxic elements in food: occurrence, binding, and reduction approaches. Compr Rev Food Sci F 13(4):457–472
Hang XS, Zhou JM, Wang H, Shen PY (2007) Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by clay minerals. J Environ Eng 1(09):113–120
He DY, Cui J, Gao M, Wang WQ, Zhou J, Yang J, Wang JJ, Yong L, Jiang CS, Yi P (2019) Effects of soil amendments applied on cadmium availability, soil enzyme activity, and plant uptake in contaminated purple soil. Sci Total Environ 654:1364–1371
Hedges LV, Gurevitch J, Curtis PS (1999) The meta–analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology. Ecology 80:1150–1156
Houben D, Evrard L, Sonnet P (2013) Mobility, bioavailability and pH dependent leaching of cadmium, zinc and lead in a contaminated soil amended with biochar. Chemosphere 92:1450–1457
Huang K, Zhang XF, Li D (2014) Research progress on remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil with amendments. Jiangsu Agr Sci 42(1):292–296
Huang DL, Liu LS, Zeng GM, Xu P, Huang C, Deng LJ, Wang RZ, Wan J (2017) The effects of rice straw biochar on indigenous microbial community and enzymes activity in heavy metal-contaminated sediment. Chemosphere 174:545–553
Hussain M, Farooq M, Nawaz A, Ai-Sadi AM, Solaiman ZM, Alghamdi SS, Ammara U, Ok YS, Siddique KHM (2017) Biochar for crop production: potential benefits and risks. J Soils Sediments 17:685–716
Ibrahim SA, Richard BD, Sally AB, John PB (2018) Assessment of bacterial community composition, methanotrophic and nitrogen-cycling bacteria in three soils with different biochar application rates. J Soils Sediments 18:148–158
Janus A, Pelfrˆene A, Heymans S, Deboffe C, Douay F, Waterlot C (2015) Elaboration, characteristics and advantages of biochars for the management of contaminated soils with a specific overview on Miscanthus biochars. J Environ Manag 162:275–289
Koptsik GN (2014) Modern approaches to remediation of heavy metals polluted soils: a review. Eur Soil Sci 47:707–722
Li P, Wang XX, Zhang TL, Zhou DM, He YQ (2008) Effects of several amendments on rice growth and uptake of copper and cadmium from a contaminated soil. J Environ Sci 20(4):449–455
Li ZY, Zhang CL, Deng CB (2009) Spatial distribution of available heavy metals in farmland soils of lead–zinc mining areas and their influencing factors. J Ecol Environ 18(5):1772–1776
Li JR, Xu YM, Liang XF, Lin DS, Sun YB, Wang L (2014) In situ immobilization remediation of heavy metals in contaminated soils: a review. Ecol Environ Sci 23(4):721–728
Li YF, Hu SD, Chen JH, Karin M, Li YC, Fu WJ, Lin ZW, Wang HL (2018) Effects of biochar application in forest ecosystems on soil properties and greenhouse gas emissions: a review. J Soils Sediments 18:546–563
Li Y, Cui S, Scott XC, Zhang QP (2019) Liming effects on soil pH and crop yield depend on lime material type, application method and rate, and crop species: a global meta–analysis. J Soils Sediments 19:1393–1406
Liang Y, Wang XC, Cao XD (2012) Immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils with phosphate–, carbonate–, and silicate– based amendments: a review. Environ Chem 31(1):16–25
Liang J, Yang ZX, Tang L, Zeng GM, Yu M, Li XD, Wu HP, Qian YY, Li XM, Luo Y (2017) Changes in heavy metal mobility and availability from contaminated wetland soil remediated with combined biochar-compost. Chemosphere 181:281–288
Liang J, Tang SQ, Gong JL, Zeng GM, Tang WW, Song B, Zhang P, Yang ZX, Luo Y (2020) Responses of enzymatic activity and microbial communities to biochar/compost amendment in sulfamethoxazole polluted wetland soil. J Hazard Mater 385:121533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121533
Liu Y, Yang S, Lu H, Wang Y (2018) Effects of biochar on spatial and temporal changes in soil temperature in cold waterlogged rice paddies. Soil Tillage Res 181:102–109
Luo YH, Gu XY, Wu YG, Liu ZM, Tong F, Tan YY (2014) In–situ remediation of cadmium–polluted agriculture land using stabilizing amendments. J Agr Environ Sci 33(5):890–897
Ma YH, Yao Y, Yang J, He X, Ding Y, Zhang P, Zhang J, Wang G, Xie C, Luo W, Zhang J, Zheng L, Chai Z, Zhao Y, Zhang Z (2018) Trophic transfer and transformation of CeO2 nanoparticles along a terrestrial food chain: influence of exposure routes. Environ Sci Technol 52(14):7921–7927
Mahar A, Wang P, Li R, Zhang Z (2015) Immobilization of lead and cadmium in contaminated soil using amendments: a review. Pedosphere 25:555–558
Meng L, Huang TH, Shi JC, Chen J, Zhong FL, Wu LS, Xu JM (2019) Decreasing cadmium uptake of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the cadmium–contaminated paddy field through different cultivars coupling with appropriate soil amendments. J Soils Sediments 19:1788–1798
Mignardi S, Corami A, Ferrini V (2013) Immobilization of Co and Ni in mining–impacted soils using phosphate amendments. Water Air Soil Pollut 224:1447–1457
Miretzky P, Fernandez CA (2008) Phosphates for Pb immobilization in soils: a review. Environ Chem Lett 6:121–133
Muhammad ZUR, Muhammad R, Hinnan K, Shafaqat A, Asif N, Balal Y, Liu GJ, Muhammad S, Muhammad F (2018) Farmyard manure alone and combined with immobilizing amendments reduced cadmium accumulation in wheat and rice grains grown in field irrigated with raw effluents. Chemosphere 199:468–476
Narupot P, Maleeya K, Prayad P, Ratanawat C (2010) Immobilization of cadmium in soil by cow manure and silicate fertilizer, and reduced accumulation of cadmium in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). Sci Asia 36:349–354
Pan SQ, Wang D, Wu S, Yang GY (2014) Impact of soil properties on improvement of heavy metals contaminated soil. Environ Eng 32(supplement):600–603
Park JH, Bolan NS, Chung JW, Naidu R, Megharaj M (2011) Environmental monitoring of the role of phosphate compounds in enhancing immobilization and reducing bioavailability of lead in contaminated soils. J Environ Monitor 13:2234–2242
Qiao Y, Hyder A, Bae SJ, Zarin W, O’Neill TJ, Marcon NE, Stein L, Thein HH (2015) Surveillance in patients with Barrett’s esophagus for early detection of esophageal adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 10(6):131
Qu F, Fan CW, Liu GH, Hu G, Chen JB, Qin S (2017) Research progress on remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils with different kinds of passivation agents. J Shanxi Agr Sci 45(9):1561–1565, 1576
Ran J, Wang D, Wang C, Zhang G, Zhang H (2016) Heavy metal contents, distribution, and prediction in a regional soilewheat system. Sci Total Environ 544:422–431
Rehman MZ, Rizwan M, Ghafoor A, Naeem A, Ali S, Sabir M, Qayyum MF (2015) Effect of inorganic amendments for in situ stabilization of cadmium in contaminated soils and its phyto-availability to wheat and rice under rotation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:16897–16906
Saqib B, Muhammad S, Qaiser H, Sajid M, Zhu J, Fu QL, Omar A, Hu HQ (2018) Influence of organic and inorganic passivators on Cd and Pb stabilization and microbial biomass in a contaminated paddy soil. J Soils Sediments 18:2948–2959
Shaheen SM, Rinklebe J (2015) Impact of emerging and low cost alternative amendments on the immobilization and phytoavailability of Cd and Pb in a contaminated floodplain soil. Ecol Eng 74:319–326
Shan SP, Guo ZH, Lei P, Wei C, Wu MX, Fu ZJ, Wu SD, Du DX, Wu LY (2018) Impacts of a compound amendment on Cd immobilization, enzyme activities and crop uptake in acidic Cd–contaminated paddy soils. B Environ Contam Tox 101:243–249
Shao ZJ, Huang XL, Yang F, Zhao WF, Zhou XZ, Zhao CS (2018) Engineering sodium alginate–based cross–linked beads with high removal ability of toxic metal ions and cationic dyes. Carbohyd Polym 187:85–93
Shi L, Guo ZH, Peng C, Xiao XY, Feng WL, Huang B, Ran HZ (2019) Immobilization of cadmium and improvement of bacterial community in contaminated soil following a continuous amendment with lime mixed with fertilizers: a four–season field experiment. Ecotox Environ Safe 171:425–434
Song B, Zeng WQ (2015) Effects of soil organic matter on remediation of cadmium–contaminated soils–a review. Chinese J Soil Sci 46(4):1018–1024
Tica D, Udovic M, Lestan D (2011) Immobilization of potentially toxic metals using different soil amendments. Chemosphere 85(4):577–583
Udeigwe TK, Eze PN, Teboh JM, Stietiya MH (2011) Application, chemistry, and environmental implications of contaminant immobilization amendments on agricultural soil and water quality. Environ Int 37(1):258–267
Usman A, Kuzyakov Y, Stahr K (2005) Effect of clay minerals on immobilization of heavy metals and microbial activity in a sewage sludge–contaminated soil (8pp). J Soils Sediments 5:245–252
Vladimír Š, Ján H, Dušan I, Eugen B, Jerzy J (2018) Biochar and biochar with N fertilizer as a potential tool for improving soil sorption of nutrients. J Soils Sediments 18:1432–1440
Wang GM, Zhou LX, Zhan XH, Huang HZ (2004) The dynamics of water–soluble organic matter production in paddy soil and its effects on heavy metal activity in paddy soil: field microplot experiment. J Environ Sci 5:858–864
Wang LQ, Luo L, Ma YB (2009) Advances in in–situ passivation remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. J Appl Ecol 20(5):1214–1222
Wang HB, Shang YJ, Shi J (2016) Influence of biochar on the transformation of soil cadmium form. Environ Sci Technol 39(4):22–26
Wang F, Wang ML, Xu K, Dong X, Yu N, Zhang YL, Dang XL (2017) Effects of biochar application on the occurrence form of heavy metal cadmium in brown soil and the uptake of cadmium by rapeseed. J Agr Environ Sci 36(5):907–914
Wu YJ, Zhou H, Zou ZJ, Zhu W, Yang WT, Peng PQ, Zeng M, Liao BH (2016) A three–year in–situ study on the persistence of a combined amendment (limestone+sepiolite) for remedying paddy soil polluted with heavy metals. Ecotox Environ Safe 130:163–170
Wu XX, Cao RB, Mi CH, Lin DS, Wang TS (2019) Research progress of in–situ passivated remedial materials for heavy metal contaminated soil. J Agr Resour Environ 36(3):253–263
Xie XL, Yuan C, Zhu XL, Fu YC, Gui J, Zhang ZX, Li PX, Liu DH (2018) In situ passivation remediation material in cadmium contaminated alkaline agricultural soil: a review. Chinese J Soil Sci 49(5):1254–1260
Xu X, Cao X, Zhao L, Wang H, Yu H, Gao B (2013) Removal of Cu, Zn, and Cd from aqueous solutions by the dairymanure–derived biochar. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20:358–368
Yang ZX, Liang J, Tang L, Zeng GM, Yu M, Li XD, Li XM, Qian YY, Wu HP, Luo Y, Mo D (2017) Sorption-desorption behaviors of heavy metals by biochar-compost amendment with different ratios in contaminated wetland soil. J Soils Sediments 18(4):1530–1539
Yasir H, Lin T, Muhammad Y, Bilal H, Afsheen Z, Muhammad ZA, He ZL, Yang X (2019) Comparative efficacy of organic and inorganic amendments for cadmium and lead immobilization in contaminated soil under rice–wheat cropping system. Chemosphere 214:259–268
Yu K, Xu J, Jiang XH, Liu C, Wesley MC, Lu JL (2017) Stabilization of heavy metals in soil using two organic–bentonites. Chemosphere 184:884–891
Zhan SJ, Yu H, Feng WQ, Qin YS, Liao ML, Wang CQ, Tu SH (2011) Effects of different organic material and lime on soil pH and available cadmium. J Southwest Agr 24(3):999–1003
Zhang P, Xie CJ, Ma YH, He X, Zhang ZY, Ding YY, Zheng LR, Zhang J (2017) Shape-dependent transformation and translocation of ceria nanoparticles in cucumber plants. Environ Sci Technol Let 4(9):380–385
Zhang P, Ma YH, Xie CJ, Guo ZL, He X, Valsami-Jones E, Lynch I, Luo WH, Zheng LR, Zhang ZY (2019) Plant species-dependent transformation and translocation of ceria nanoparticles. Environ Sci Nano 6(1):60–67
Zhang P, Guo ZL, Zhang ZY, Fu HL, White JC, Lynch I (2020) Nanomaterial transformation in the soil–plant system: implications for food safety and application in agriculture. Small. 16:2000705. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202000705
Zhou JM, Chen HL, Tao YL, Ronald WT, Mao JL (2019) Biochar amendment of chromium–polluted paddy soil suppresses greenhouse gas emissions and decreases chromium uptake by rice grain. J Soils Sediments 19:1756–1766
Zhu QH, Huang DY, Zhu GX, Ge TD, Liu GS, Zhu HH, Liu SL, Zhang XN (2010) Sepiolite is recommended for the remediation of Cd–contaminated paddy soil. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Acta Agric Scand Sect B Plant Soil Sci 60(2):110–116
Acknowledgments
We thank all the researchers whose data were used in this meta-analysis.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2017YFD0801103), and the Open Foundation of Northeast Key Laboratory of Conservation and Improvement of Cultivated Land, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China (No. 2015NYBKFT).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Hailong Wang
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hu, Y., Zhang, P., Yang, M. et al. Biochar is an effective amendment to remediate Cd-contaminated soils—a meta-analysis. J Soils Sediments 20, 3884–3895 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02726-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02726-9