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Use of ordinary cokriging with magnetic susceptibility for mapping lead concentrations in soils of an urban contaminated site

  • Soils, Sec 2 • Global Change, Environ Risk Assess, Sustainable Land Use • Research Article
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Abstract

Purpose

Lead contamination is a prevalent issue affecting cities worldwide. Traditional fieldwork and laboratory analysis techniques can be time-consuming and costly. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of ordinary cokriging (CK) when volume magnetic susceptibility (κ) is used as a co-variable for spatial interpolation of Pb in contaminated urban soils.

Materials and methods

The study was conducted in contaminated urban soils of a former unregulated landfill site. A total of 76 surface samples (0–10 cm) were collected using a systematic sampling grid separated by 20-m intervals. Magnetic susceptibility measurements were taken at a higher density of 10-m intervals with 288 measurements. Thus, it was used as an auxiliary variable to predict Pb concentrations by the CK procedure with an aim to improve spatial interpolation of Pb. To determine the effectiveness of CK over the ordinary kriging (OK) procedure, the spatial density of samples was reduced prior to interpolation. A total of ~ 15%, 25%, 35%, and 50% of the Pb samples were randomly selected and reserved for validation. Omnidirectional semivariograms and covariograms were fitted using log-transformed data prior to interpolation.

Results and discussion

Measurements of κ shared a significant relationship with Pb concentrations by the Spearman’s Rho correlation analysis (rs = 0.676, p < 0.01). The effectiveness of the CK procedure over OK was determined using validation datasets. Statistically, the results showed that lnPb when its auxiliary relations with lnκ were used in CK had overall lower “root mean square error” (RMSE) and predicted lnPb values from the CK procedure had a higher r2 value with measured lnPb than OK. A model produced by the CK procedure with a reduced spatial density of 49 Pb points provided the more accurate map with a RMSE of 0.550 and an r2 value of 0.730, p < 0.01 level.

Conclusions

This technique can potentially reduce fieldwork and soil analysis costs considerably. Measurements of Pb and κ must share a substantial level of spatial continuity to implement CK effectively. Where applicable, it can be used in the site-specific evaluation of hazard posed by Pb exposure to ecosystems, human health or water bodies in urban green spaces, roadside soils, allotments or brownfield sites.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Geography and Archaeology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland

    Nessa Golden, Chaosheng Zhang & Aaron Potito

  2. Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland

    Nessa Golden & Liam Morrison

  3. Environmental Geophysics Unit, Department of Geography, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland

    Paul J. Gibson

  4. Department of Mathematic & Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

    Norma Bargary

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  1. Nessa Golden
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  2. Chaosheng Zhang
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  3. Aaron Potito
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  4. Paul J. Gibson
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Correspondence to Nessa Golden or Liam Morrison.

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Golden, N., Zhang, C., Potito, A. et al. Use of ordinary cokriging with magnetic susceptibility for mapping lead concentrations in soils of an urban contaminated site. J Soils Sediments 20, 1357–1370 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02537-7

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