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Environmental trade-offs across cascading lithium-ion battery life cycles

  • ASSESSING AND MANAGING LIFE CYCLES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
  • Published:
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to analyze the environmental trade-offs of cascading reuse of electric vehicle (EV) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in stationary energy storage at automotive end-of-life.

Methods

Two systems were jointly analyzed to address the consideration of stakeholder groups corresponding to both first (EV) and second life (stationary energy storage) battery applications. The environmental feasibility criterion was defined by an equivalent-functionality lead-acid (PbA) battery. A critical methodological challenge addressed was the allocation of environmental impacts associated with producing LIBs across the EV and stationary use systems. The model also tested sensitivity to parameters such as the fraction of battery cells viable for reuse, service life of refurbished cells, and PbA battery efficiency.

Results and discussion

From the perspective of EV applications, cascading reuse of an LIB in stationary energy storage can reduce net cumulative energy demand and global warming potential by 15 % under conservative estimates and by as much as 70 % in ideal refurbishment and reuse conditions. When post-EV LIB cells were compared directly to a new PbA system for stationary energy storage, the reused cells generally had lower environmental impacts, except in scenarios where very few of the initial battery cells and modules could be reused and where reliability was low (e.g., life span of 1 year or less) in the secondary application.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate that EV LIB reuse in stationary application has the potential for dual benefit—both from the perspective of offsetting initial manufacturing impacts by extending battery life span as well as avoiding production and use of a less-efficient PbA system. It is concluded that reuse decisions and diversion of EV LIBs toward suitable stationary applications can be based on life cycle centric studies. However, technical feasibility of these systems must still be evaluated, particularly with respect to the ability to rapidly analyze the reliability of EV LIB cells, modules, or packs for refurbishment and reuse in secondary applications.

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Acknowledgments

The research team would like to acknowledge funding from the Golisano Institute for Sustainability, the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) under PON 18503, the National Science Foundation Environmental Sustainability directorate under Award No. CBET-1254688, the National Science Foundation Environmental Health and Safety of Nanomaterials directorate under Award No. CBET-1133425, and the New York State Pollution Prevention Institute. We would also like to acknowledge support from the New York Battery and Energy Storage Technology Consortium (NY-BEST).

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  1. Golisano Institute for Sustainability, Rochester Institute of Technology, 190 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA

    Kirti Richa, Callie W. Babbitt, Nenad G. Nenadic & Gabrielle Gaustad

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  1. Kirti Richa
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  2. Callie W. Babbitt
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Richa, K., Babbitt, C.W., Nenadic, N.G. et al. Environmental trade-offs across cascading lithium-ion battery life cycles. Int J Life Cycle Assess 22, 66–81 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-015-0942-3

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