Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of macro-institutional and macro-non-institutional factors on the new venture creation time across emerging as well as developed economies in Europe using panel data from 2003 to 2006 in 15 emerging and developed countries. This paper finds significant relationships between the venture start-up time and institutional factors that include lending interest rates, start-up procedures, and taxation and one non-institutional factor, GDP per capita. Additionally, we found differences in the factors between emerging and developed countries. Institutional factors, such as start-up procedures and trade opportunities, are important determinants of new venture creation time in emerging countries, consistent with the findings of recent studies. To encourage business formation, policy makers may need to revise policies concerning these factors which can facilitate or restrict new venture formation. Implications for further research and practice are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Probably the time series model (duration model or unit root) may be warrant to use to estimate such type of data, but unfortunately, we have only 4 years data which is less than the desire number of years that we need to require develop a time series model.
References
Abetti, P. A. (2004). Government-supported incubators in the Helsinki Region, Finland: infrastructure, results, and best practices. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(1), 19–40.
Acs, Z., Desai, S., & Hessels, J. (2008). Entrepreneurship, economic development and institutions. Small Business Economics, 31(3), 219–234.
Alam, M. A., Hossain, M. M., & Zaman, F. (2011). Non-institutional factors affecting microentrepreneurship development in Bangladesh. International Review of Business Research Papers, 7(6), 240–247.
Alvarez, S., & Barney, J. B. (2004). Organizing rent generation and appropriation: toward a theory of the entrepreneurial firm. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(5), 621–635.
Amit, R., Muller, E., & Cockburn, I. (1995). Opportunity cost and entrepreneurial activities. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(2), 95–106.
Anayiotos, G. C., & Toroyan, H. (2009). Institutional factors and financial sector development: evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. (International Monetary Fund (IMF) Working Paper # WP/09/258).
Begley, T. M., Tan, W.-L., & Schoch, H. (2005). Politico-economic factors associated with interest in starting a business: a multi-country study. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 29(1), 33–55.
Berger, A. N., Klapper, L. F., & Udell, G. F. (2001). The ability of banks to lend to informationally opaque small businesses. Journal of Banking and Finance, 25(12), 2127–2167.
Boucekkine, R., La Croix, D., & Licandro, D. (2002). Vintage human capital, demographic trends, and endogenous growth. Journal of Economic Theory, 104(2), 340–375.
Bowen, H. P., & Dirk, D. C. (2008). Institutional context and the allocation of entrepreneurial effort. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(4), 747–767.
Boyd, J. H., Levine, R., & Smith, B. D. (2001). The impact of inflation on financial sector performance. Journal of Monetary Economics, 47(2), 221–248.
Bruhn, M. (2011). License to sell: the effect of business registration reform on entrepreneurial activity in Mexico. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 93(1), 382–386.
Brunetti, A., Kisunko, G., & Weder, B. (1997). Institutional obstacles to doing business: region-by-region results from a worldwide survey of the private sector. (Policy Research Working Paper WPS1759).
Bruton, G. D., & Ahlstrom, D. (2003). An institutional view of China’s venture capital industry: explaining the differences between China and West. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(2), 233–260.
Bruton, G. D., Ahlstrom, D., & Li, H. L. (2010). Institutional theory and entrepreneurship: where are we now and where do we need to move in the future? Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 34(3), 421–440.
Busenitz, L. W., & Lau, C. M. (1996). A cross-cultural cognitive model of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 20(4), 25–39.
Bygrave, W. D., & Minniti, M. (2000). The social dynamics of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 24(3), 25–36.
Carter, S., & Collinson, E. (1999). Entrepreneurship education: alumni perceptions of the role of higher education institutions. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 6(3), 229–239.
Castello, A., & Domenech, R. (2002). Human capital inequity and economic growth: some new evidence. The Economic Journal, 112(478), C187–C200.
Chang, E. P. C., Memili, E., Chrisman, J. J., Kellermanns, F. W., & Chua, J. H. (2009). Family social capital, venture preparedness, and start-up decisions: A study of Hispanic entrepreneurs in New England. Family Business Review, 22(3), 279–292.
Chen, D., Lee, F., & Mintz, J. (2002). Taxation, SMEs, and entrepreneurship. (OECD Science, Technology, and Industry Working Paper No. 2002/9).
Cieślik, J., Kaciak, E., & Welsh, D. H. B. (2010). The effect of early internationalization on survival, consistency, and growth of export sales. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 21(1), 39–64.
Cieślik, J., Kaciak, E., & Welsh, D. H. B. (2012). The impact of geographic diversification on export performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 10(1), 70–93.
Commons, J. R. (1931). Institutional economics. American Economic Review, 21, 648–657.
Da Rin, M., Di Giacomo, M., & Sembenelli, A. (2011). Entrepreneurship, firm entry, and the taxation of corporate income: evidence from Europe. Journal of Public Economics, 95(9–10), 1048–1066.
Davidsson, P., & Honig, B. (2003). The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3), 301–331.
De Meza, D., & Southey, C. (1996). The borrower’s curse: optimism, finance and entrepreneurship. The Economic Journal, 106(435), 375–386.
De Meza, D., & Webb, D. (2000). Does credit rationing imply insufficient lending? Journal of Public Economics, 78(3), 215–234.
De Soto, H. (1990). The other path. New York: Harper and Row.
Delmar, F., & Davidsson, P. (2000). Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 12(1), 1–23.
Demetriades, P., & Fielding, D. (2009). Information, institutions and banking sector development in West Africa. Unpublished manuscript, University of Leicester, UK. (Working Paper No. 09/04).
Djankov, S. (2009). The regulation of entry: a survey. The World Bank Research Observer, 24(2), 183–203.
Djankov, S., Porta, R. L., Lopez-De-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2002). The regulation of entry. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(1), 1–37.
Djankov, S., & Ramalho, R. (2009). Employment laws in developing countries. Journal of Comparative Economics, 37(1), 3–13.
Dreher, A., & Gassebner, M. (2007). Greasing the wheels of entrepreneurship? Impact of regulations and corruption on firm entry. (KOF Working Paper No. 166).
Dulleck, U., Frijters, P., & Winter-Ebmer, R. (2006). Reducing start-up costs for new firms: the double dividend on the labor market. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 108(2), 317–337.
Evans, M. D. R. (1989). Immigrant entrepreneurship: effects of ethnic market size and isolated labor pool. American Sociological Review, 54(6), 950–962.
Foster, R. (1986). Innovation: the attacker’s advantage. New York: Summit.
Freund, C., & Bolaky, B. (2008). Trade, regulations, and income. Journal of Development Economics, 87(2), 309–321.
Fritsch, M. (1994). Regional differences in new firm formation: evidence from West Germany. Regional Studies, 26(3), 233–241.
Gali, J., & Perotti, R. (2003). Fiscal policy and monetary integration in Europe. (NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper 9773). Retrieved March 20, 2011, from http://www.nber.org.
Gatewood, E. J., Shaver, K. G., & Gartner, W. B. (1995). A longitudinal study of cognitive factors influencing start-up behaviors and success at venture creation. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(5), 371–391.
Gaygisiz, E., & Köksal, M. Y. (2003). Regional variation in new firm formation in Turkey: cross-section and panel data evidence. (ERC Working Papers in Economics No. 03/08).
Gebremariam, G. H., Gebremedhin, T. G., & Schaeffer, P. V. (2006, February). An empirical analysis of county-level determinants of small business growth poverty in Appalachia: a spatial simultaneous-squations approach. Presented at Southern Agricultural Economics Association Conference, Orlando, FL.
Gifford, S. (1992). Allocation of entrepreneurial attention. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 19(3), 265–284.
Hamilton, R. (1989). Unemployment and business formation rates: reconciling time series and cross section evidence. Environment and Planning, 21(2), 249–255.
Hamilton, R., & Harper, D. (1994). The entrepreneur in theory and practice. Journal of Economic Studies, 21(6), 3–18.
Hausmann, R., Hwang, J., & Rodrik, D. (2007). What you export matters. Journal of Economic Growth, 12(1), 1–25.
Henreksen, M., Johansson, D., & Stenkula, M. (2010). Taxation, labor market policy, and high-impact entrepreneurship. Journal of Industrial Competition Trade, 10(3–4), 275–296.
Highfield, R., & Smiley, R. (1987). New business starts and economic activity: an empirical investigation. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 5(1), 51–66.
Holmes, T. J., & Schmitz, J. A., Jr. (2001). A gain from trade: from unproductive to productive entrepreneurship. Journal of Monetary Economics, 47(2), 417–446.
Holtz-Eakin, D. (2000). Public policy toward entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 15(4), 283–291.
Ilmakunnas, P., & Topi, J. (1999). Microeconomics and macroeconomics influences on entry and exit of firms. Review of Industrial Organization, 15(3), 283–301.
Jappelli, T., Pagano, M., & Bianco, M. (2005). Courts and banks: effects of judicial enforcement on credit markets. Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 37(2), 223–244.
Johnson, P. (1986). New firms: an economic perspective. London: Allen and Unwin.
Johnson, P., & Parker, S. (1996). Spatial variations in the determinants and effects of firm births and deaths. Regional Studies, 30(7), 679–688.
Kanniainen, V., & Vesala, T. (2005). Entrepreneurship and labor market institutions. Economic Modeling, 22(5), 828–847.
Kaplan, D., Piedra, E., & Seira, E. (2006). Are burdensome registration procedures an important barrier on firm creation? Evidence from Mexico. (SIEPR Discussion Paper No. 06–13).
Kashyap, A. K., & Jeremy, C. S. (1994). Monetary policy and bank lending in monetary policy. In N. Gregory Mankiw (Ed.), Monetary policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Keusschnigg, C., & Nielsen, S. B. (2002). Tax policy, venture capital, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Public Economics, 87(1), 175–203.
Keusschnigg, C., & Nielsen, S. B. (2004a). Progressive taxation, moral hazard, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Public Economic Theory, 6(3), 471–490.
Keusschnigg, C., & Nielsen, S. B. (2004b). Taxation and venture capital backed entrepreneurship. International Tax and Public Finance, 11(4), 369–390.
Kitao, S. (2008). Entrepreneurship, taxation, and capital investment. Review of Economic Dynamics, 11(1), 44–69.
Klapper, L., Amit, R., & Guillen, M. F. (2008). Entrepreneurship and firm formation across countries. Retrieved March 20, 2011, from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTFR/Resources/4754591222364030476/FirmFormation_NBER.pdf.
Klapper, L., Laeven, L., & Rajan, R. (2006). Entry regulation as a barrier to entrepreneurship. Journal of Financial Economics, 82(3), 591–629.
Klapper, L. F., Lewin, A., & Delgado, J. M. Q. (2009). The impact of the business environment on the business creation process. Unpublished manuscript.
Link, A. N., & Welsh, D. H. B. (2012). From the laboratory to the market: On the propensity of young inventors to form new businesses. Small Business Economics: An Entrepreneurship Journal, (in press).
Markman, G. D., Balkin, D. B., & Baron, R. A. (2002). Inventors and new venture formation: the effects of general self-efficacy and regretful thinking. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 27(2), 149–165.
Martin, M.-G., Picazo, M. T. M., & Navarro, J. L. A. (2010). Entrepreneurship, income distribution and economic growth. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(2), 131–141.
Meh, C. A. (2005). Entrepreneurship, wealth inequality, and taxation. Review of Economic Dynamics, 8(3), 688–719.
Minniti, M. (2004). Entrepreneurial alertness and asymmetric information in a spin-glass model. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(5), 637–658.
Minniti, M., & Arenius, P. (2003). Women in entrepreneurship. The entrepreneurial advantage of nations: first annual global entrepreneurship symposium. New York, NY: United Nations.
Minniti, M., & Bygrave, W. D. (1999). The microfoundations of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 23(4), 41–52.
Mojica, M. N., Gebremedhin, T. G., & Schaeffer, P. V. (2009). An empirical analysis of the link between entrepreneurship and economic growth in West Virginia. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 6(3–4), 39–53.
Morales-Gualdrón, S. T., & Roig, S. (2005). The new venture decision: an analysis based on the GEM project database. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(4), 479–499.
Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5(1), 14–37.
Nyström, K. (2008a). Institutional environment and new firm formation in Swedish regions. Retrieved March 20, 2011, from http://www.isnie.org/assets/files/papers2007/nystrom.pdf. Stockholm, Sweden: The Ratio Institute.
Nyström, K. (2008b). The institutions of economic freedom and entrepreneurship: evidence from panel data. Public Choice, 136(3), 269–282.
Ozturk, I. (2001). The role of education in economic development: a theoretical perspective. Journal of Rural Development and Administration, 33(1), 39–47.
Pigou, A. C. (1938). The economics of welfare (4th ed.). London: Macmillan and Co.
Poschke, M. (2008). Who becomes an entrepreneur? Labor market prospects and occupational choice (IZA Discussion Paper No. 3816).
Reynolds, P. (1994). Autonomous firm dynamics and economic growth in the United States, 1986–1990. Regional Studies, 28(4), 429–442.
Reynolds, P. D., Hay, M., Bygrave, W. D., Camp, S. M., & Autio, E. (2000). Global entrepreneurship monitor: 2000 executive report. Kansas City: Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership at the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation.
Reynolds, P., Miller, B., & Maki, W. R. (1995). Explaining regional variation in business births and deaths: U.S. 1976–1988. Small Business Economics, 7(5), 389–707.
Reynolds, P., Storey, D. J., & Westhead, P. (1994). Cross-national comparisons of the variation in new firm formation rates. Regional Studies, 28(4), 443–456.
Robson, M. T. (2003). Does stricter employment protection legislation promote self-employment? Small Business Economics, 21(3), 309–319.
Rousseau, P. L., & Wachtel, P. (2002). Inflation thresholds and the finance-growth nexus. Journal of International Money and Finance, 21(6), 777–793.
Schuknecht, L., von Hagen, J., & Wolswijk, G. (2010). Government bond risk premiums in the EU revisited. The impact of the financial crisis (ECB Working Paper 1152).
Scott, W. R. (2007). Institutions and organizations. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Shane, S. (2003). A general theory of entrepreneurship: the individual-opportunity nexus. London: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226.
Smith, R. T., & Van Egteren, H. (2005). Inflation, investment and economic performance: the role of internal financing. European Economic Review, 49(5), 1283–1303.
Stigler, G. J. (1971). The theory of economic regulation. Journal of Economics, 2(1), 3–21.
Storey, D. J. (1991). The birth of new firms-does unemployment matter? A review of the evidence. Small Business Economics, 3(3), 161–178.
Uhlaner, L., & Thurik, R. (2007). Postmaterialism influencing total entrepreneurial activity across nations. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 17(2), 161–185.
Venkataraman, S. (1997). The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research: An editor’s perspective. In J. Katz & R. Brockhaus (Eds.), Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth (Vol. 3, pp. 119–138). Greenwich: JAI Press.
Verheul, I., & Thurik, R. (2001). Start-up capital: does gender matter? Small Business Economics, 16(4), 329–346.
Verheul, I., Van Stel, A., & Thurik, R. (2006). Explaining female and male entrepreneurship at the country level. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 18(2), 151–183.
Walker, E., & Brown, A. (2004). What success factors are important to small business owners? International Small Business Journal, 22(6), 577–594.
World Bank (2008). World Development Indictors (Edition: April 2008). http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
An earlier version of this paper has been accepted and presented at the Kauffman International Research and Policy Roundtable 2012, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Misra, K., Memili, E., Welsh, D.H.B. et al. The determinants of venture creation time: a cross-country perspective. Int Entrep Manag J 10, 253–276 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-012-0226-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-012-0226-3