Skip to main content
Log in

Developing a scale to measure liabilities and assets of newness after start-up

  • Published:
International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

New ventures can simultaneously face survival challenges and benefit from distinct advantages based on their newness. Despite the importance of these issues, extant entrepreneurship studies, with limited exception, have often employed only rudimentary measures (e.g., venture age) to investigate important issues related to organizational newness. Accordingly, we develop and refine a scale to measure critical dimensions of newness that stakeholders perceive after NV start-up. We first discuss the theoretical background and previous research related to various newness dimensions. We then introduce a new construct, organizational energy, that heretofore has received scant attention in NV research. Next, we present results from an inductive study conducted to generate various dimensions of newness as well as two empirical investigations that further refine these dimensions into a reliable scale for measuring different newness dimensions. We conclude by discussing our empirical findings, the study’s limitations, and potential future research directions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akgün, A. E., Lynn, G. S., & Byrne, J. C. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of unlearning in new product development. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 23, 73–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aldrich, H., & Auster, E. (1986). Even dwarfs started small: liabilities of age and size and their strategic implications. Research in Organizational Behavior, 8(2), 165–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arrindell, W. A., & van der Ende, J. (1985). An empirical test of the utility of the observations-to-variables ratio in factor and component analysis. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9(2), 165–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashforth, B. E., & Gibbs, B. W. (1990). The double-edge of organizational legitimization. Organization Science, 1, 177–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barr, S. H., & Hitt, M. A. (1986). A comparison of selection decision models in manager versus student samples. Personnel Psychology, 39, 599–617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barron, D. N., West, E., & Hannan, M. T. (1994). A time to grow and a time to die: growth and mortality of credit unions in New York City, 1914–1990. American Journal of Sociology, 100, 381–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, P. T., & Kline, P. (1981). The observation to variable ratio in factor analysis. Personality Study and Group Behavior, 1, 23–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum, J. R., Locke, E. A., & Smith, K. G. (2001). A multidimensional model of venture growth. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 292–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bitektine, A. (2011). Toward a theory of social judgments of organizations: a case of legitimacy, reputation, and status. Academy of Management Review, 36, 151–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briscoe, J. A., Fawcett, S. E., & Todd, R. H. (2005). The implementation and impact of ISO 9000 among small manufacturing enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 43, 309–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. D. (1997). Narcissism, identity, and legitimacy. Academy of Management Review, 22(3), 643–686.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brüderl, J., & Schüssler, R. (1990). Organizational mortality: the liabilities of newness and adolescence. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 530–547.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carayannopoulos, S. (2009). How technology-based new firms leverage newness and smallness to commercialize disruptive technologies. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33, 419–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cardon, M. S., Zietsma, C., Saparito, P., Matherne, B. P., & Davis, C. (2005). A tale of passion: new insights into entrepreneurship from a parenthood metaphor. Journal of Business Venturing, 20, 23–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, G., & Delacroix, J. (1982). Organizational mortality in the newspaper industries of Argentina and Ireland: an ecological approach. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27, 169–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, Y. R., & Shepherd, D. A. (2005). Stakeholder perceptions of age and other dimensions of newness. Journal of Management, 31, 573–596.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Covin, T. J., & Brush, C. C. (1993). A comparison of student and human resource professional attitudes toward work and family issues. Group and Organization Management, 18(1), 29–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cross, R., Baker, W., & Parker, A. (2003). What creates energy in organizations? MIT Sloan Management Review, 44(4), 51–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delmar, F., & Shane, S. (2004). Legitimating first: organizing activities and the survival of new ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(3), 385–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiMaggio, P., & Powell, W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48, 147–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobbins, G. H., Lane, I. M., & Steiner, D. D. (1988). A further examination of student babies and laboratory bath water: a response to Slade and Gordon. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9(4), 377–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobrev, S., & Gotsopoulos, A. (2010). Legitimacy vacuum, structural imprinting, and first mover disadvantage. Academy of Management Journal, 53, 1153–1174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, M. S., & Pentland, B. T. (2003). Reconceptualizing organizational routines as a source of flexibility and change. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48(1), 94–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fichman, M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1991). Honeymoons and the liability of adolescence: a new perspective on duration dependence in social and organizational relationships. Academy of Management Review, 16, 442–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, E., & Reuber, A. (2007). The good, the bad, and the unfamiliar: the challenges of reputation formation facing new firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(1), 53–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, J., Carroll, G. R., & Hannan, M. T. (1983). The liability of newness: age dependence in organizational death rates. American Sociological Review, 48(5), 692–710.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaski, J. F., & Nevin, J. R. (1985). The differential effects of exercised and unexercised power sources in a marketing channel. Journal of Marketing Research, 22(2), 130–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glickburg, D. (2010). Paramus walking tour revisited: The grand opening [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJd3s37wuO0. Accessed on April 13, 2010; July 12, 2010.

  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

  • Hannan, M. T., & Freeman, J. (1977). The population ecology of organizations. American Journal of Sociology, 82(5), 929–964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hannan, M. T., & Freeman, J. (1984). Structural inertia and organizational change. American Sociological Review, 49, 149–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hannan, M. T., & Carroll, G. R. (1995). An introduction to organizational ecology. In G. R. Carroll & M. T. Hannan (Eds.), Organizations in industry: Strategy, structure, and selection. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, A. (1999). Firm strategy and age dependence: a contingent view of the liabilities of newness, adolescence, and obsolescence. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 281–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hitt, M. A., Hoskisson, R. E., & Harrison, J. S. (1991). Strategic competitiveness in the 1990s: challenges and opportunities for U.S. executives. The Executive, 5(2), 7–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Journal of Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Illouz, E. (2009). Emotions, imagination and consumption. Journal of Consumer Culture, 9(3), 377–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2001). LISREL 8: User’s reference guide. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, J., & Gartner, W. B. (1988). Properties of emerging organizations. Academy of Management Review, 13, 429–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Mens, G., Hannan, M. T., & Pólos, L. (2011). Founding conditions, learning, and organizational life changes: age dependence revisited. Administrative Science Quarterly, 56, 95–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lei, D., Hitt, M. A., & Goldhar, J. D. (1996). Advanced manufacturing technology: Organizational design and strategic flexibility. Organizational Studies, 501–523.

  • Levinthal, D. A. (1991). Random walks and organizational mortality. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 397–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacCallum, R. (1986). Specification searches in covariance structure modeling. Psychological Bulletin, 100(1), 107–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miner, J. B. (1980). Limited domain theories of organizational energy. In C. C. Pinder & L. F. Moore (Eds.), Middle range theory and the study of organizations. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishina, Y., Pollock, T., & Porac, J. (2004). Are more resources always better for growth? Resource stickiness in market and product expansion. Strategic Management Journal, 25, 1179–1197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nadkarni, S., & Herrmann, P. (2010). CEO personality, strategic flexibility, and firm performance: the case of the Indian business process outsourcing industry. Academy of Management Journal, 53, 1050–1073.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly, C. A., Chatman, J., & Caldwell, D. F. (1991). People and organizational culture: a profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization fit. Academy of Management Journal, 34, 487–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penrose, E. (1959). The theory of the growth of the firm. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preisendorfer, P., & Voss, T. (1990). Organizational mortality of small firms: the effects of entrepreneurial age and human capital. Organization Studies, 11, 107–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ranger-Moore, J. (1997). Bigger may be better, but is older wiser? Organizational age and size in the New York life insurance industry. American Sociological Review, 62, 903–920.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Remus, W. (1986). Graduate students as surrogates for managers in experiments on business decision making. Journal of Business Research, 14(1), 19–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruef, M., & Scott, W. R. (1998). A multi-dimensional model of organizational legitimacy: hospital survival in changing institutional environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43, 877–904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez, R. (2007). Strategic flexibility in product competition. Strategic Management Journal, 16, 135–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scitovsky, T. (1992). The joyless economy: The psychology of human satisfaction. United States: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd, D. A., Douglas, E. J., & Shanley, M. (2000). New venture survival: ignorance, external shocks, and risk reduction strategies. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5–6), 393–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd, D. A., & Zacharakis, A. (2003). A new venture’s cognitive legitimacy: an assessment by customers. Journal of Small Business Management, 41, 148–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, J. V., Tucker, D. J., & House, R. J. (1986). Organizational legitimacy and the liability of newness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31, 171–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slade, L. A., & Gordon, M. E. (1988). On the virtues of laboratory babies and student bath water: a reply to Dobbins, Lane, and Steiner. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9, 373–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, G. G. (2006a). Comments concerning the claim that mass media research is prescientific: a response to Potter, Cooper, and Dupagne. Communication Theory, 5(3), 273–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, G. G. (2006b). A final reply to Potter, Cooper, and Dupagne. Communication Theory, 5(3), 286–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stearns, T. M., Carter, N. M., Reynolds, P. D., & Williams, M. L. (1995). New firm survival: industry, strategy, and location. Journal of Business Venturing, 10, 23–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stinchcombe, A. L. (1965). Social structure and organizations. In J. G. March (Ed.), Handbook of organizations (pp. 142–193). Chicago: Rand McNally.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strotmann, H. (2007). Entrepreneurial survival. Small Business Economics, 28, 84–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20, 571–610.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornhill, S., & Amit, R. (2003). Learning about failure: bankruptcy, firm age, and the resource-based view. Organization Science, 14, 497–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiklund, J., Baker, T., & Shepherd, D. A. (2010). The age-effect of financial indicators as buffers against the liability of newness. Journal of Business Venturing, 25, 423–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1985). Measuring the involvement construct. Journal of Consumer Research, 12, 341–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, M. A., & Zeitz, G. J. (2002). Beyond survival: achieving new venture growth by building legitimacy. Academy of Management Review, 27, 414–431.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Franz T. Lohrke.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nagy, B.G., Blair, E.S. & Lohrke, F.T. Developing a scale to measure liabilities and assets of newness after start-up. Int Entrep Manag J 10, 277–295 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-012-0219-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-012-0219-2

Keywords

Navigation