Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Comparative combustion, emission, and performance analysis of a diesel engine using carbon nanotube (CNT) blended with three different generations of biodiesel

  • Environment and Climate: Role of Humans and Technologies
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Nano-additives are being employed in successive generations of biodiesels to increase the performance characteristics and output of diesel engines. In this study, the impact of mixing carbon nanotubes (CNT) with three different generations of biodiesel in a diesel engine is assessed. With 100 ppm of CNT nanoparticles mixed together, pure biodiesels made from first-generation oil (soybean), second-generation oil (neem), and third-generation oil (Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae) are used for the analysis. With an engine load ranging from 0 to 100%, a one-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine is employed. The engine has a water-cooling system, a compression ratio of 17.5:1, and a fuel injection angle of 23° before TDC. The evaluated engines’ improved performance and lower emissions serve as proof of the outcomes. The results are evidenced by the lower emissions and higher performance of the tested engines. The biodiesel containing CNT nanoparticles enhanced the cylinder pressure by 0.8–10.69%, the heat release rate (HRR) by 6.38–21.69%, and the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 0.32–1.62%. Subsequently, it reduced the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) by 2.53–8.13%, the brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC) by 1.07–3.77%, the smoke opacity (BSN) by 6.26–12.85%, the particulate matter (PM) emissions by 11.04–18.33%, and the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 2.53–8.14% at full engine load. However, an increase in 13.62–18.37% nitrogen emissions (NOx) emissions is also observed with the addition of CNT at 100% load. The investigation supports the use of CNT nano-additives in diesel engines for improved performance and reduced emissions.

Graphical Abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

This paper was published with all the data that is generated or analyzed during this investigation.

Abbreviations

SB :

pure soybean biodiesel

SBCNT100 :

pure soybean biodiesel + 100 ppm CNT

NB :

pure neem biodiesel

NBCNT100 :

pure neem biodiesel + 100 ppm CNT

MB :

pure Nannochloropsis occulata microalgae biodiesel

MBCNT100 :

pure Nannochloropsis occulata microalgae biodiesel + 100 ppm CNT

BSEC :

brake-specific energy consumption

BSFC :

brake-specific fuel consumption

BSN :

Bosch smoke number

BTE :

brake thermal efficiency

CA :

crank angle

CI :

compression ignition

CN :

cetane number

CO :

carbon monoxide

CO 2 :

carbon dioxide

CR :

compression ratio

deg. aBDC :

degree after bottom dead center

deg. aTDC :

degree after top dead center

deg. bBDC :

degree before bottom dead center

deg. bTDC :

degree before top dead center

DI :

direct injection

HC :

hydrocarbon

HRR :

heat release rate

ID :

ignition delay

NOx :

oxides of nitrogen

PM :

particulate matter

ppm :

parts per million

References

  • Ağbulut Ü, Karagöz M, Sarıdemir S, Öztürk AJF (2020) Impact of various metal-oxide based nanoparticles and biodiesel blends on the combustion, performance, emission, vibration and noise characteristics of a CI engine. Fuel 270:117521

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Hartomy OA, Mujtaba M, Al-Ghamdi A, Iqbal J, Wageh S (2021) Combined effect of Phoenix dactylifera biodiesel and multiwalled carbon nanotube–titanium dioxide nanoparticles for modified diesel engines. Int J Environ Sci Technol:1–26

  • Anish M, Bency P, Jayaprabakar J, Joy N, Jayaprakash V, Susmi SS, Kumar JA, Ansar S, Rezania SJF (2022) An evaluation of biosynthesized nanoparticles in biodiesel as an enhancement of a VCR diesel engine. Fuel 328:125299

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basha JS (2018) Impact of carbon nanotubes and di-ethyl ether as additives with biodiesel emulsion fuels in a diesel engine–an experimental investigation. J Energy Inst 91:289–303

    Google Scholar 

  • Bazooyar B, Hosseini SY, Begloo SMG, Shariati A, Hashemabadi SH, Shaahmadi FJE (2018) Mixed modified Fe2O3-WO3 as new fuel borne catalyst (FBC) for biodiesel fuel. Energy 149:438–453

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chinni G, Alarifi IM, Rahimi-Gorji M, Asmatulu R (2019) Investigating the effects of process parameters on microalgae growth, lipid extraction, and stable nanoemulsion productions. J Mol Liq 291:111308

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devarajan Y, Munuswamy DB, AJES M, Research P (2018) Influence of nano-additive on performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine running on neat neem oil biodiesel. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:26167–26172

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devarajan Y, Nagappan B, Subbiah G (2019) A comprehensive study on emission and performance characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with nanoparticle-blended biodiesel. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:10662–10672

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Seesy AI, Hassan H, Ookawara SJE (2018) Effects of graphene nanoplatelet addition to jatropha biodiesel–diesel mixture on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine. Energy 147:1129–1152

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elsharkawy EA, Abou Al-Sood MM, El-Fakharany MK, Ahmed M (2020) Enhancing the impact of biodiesel blend on combustion, emissions, and performance of DI diesel engine. Arab J Sci Eng 45:1109–1123

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faisal A, Javed F, Hassan M, Gorji M, Akram S, Rashid N, Rehman F (2021) Experimental and mathematical nonlinear rheological characterization of chicken fat oil-a sustainable feedstock for biodiesel. Biomass Convers Biorefin:1–8

  • Gad M, Ağbulut Ü, Afzal A, Panchal H, Jayaraj S, Qasem NA, El-Shafay A (2023) A comprehensive review on the usage of the nano-sized particles along with diesel/biofuel blends and their impacts on engine behaviors. Fuel 339:127364

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gad M, Aziz MMA, Kayed H (2022) Impact of different nano additives on performance, combustion, emissions and exergetic analysis of a diesel engine using waste cooking oil biodiesel. Propuls Power Research 11:209–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Gangolu NR, Chunchu BRK, Yallamati A, Gopidesi RK (2022) Assessment of diesel engine characteristics by using soybean oil as a biofuel. Environ Dev Sustain 24:7579–7592

    Google Scholar 

  • Gavhane RS, Kate AM, Pawar A, Soudagar MEM, Fayaz H (2020) Effect of soybean biodiesel and copper coated zinc oxide nanoparticles on enhancement of diesel engine characteristics. Energy Sources A: Recovery Util Environ Eff:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1856237

  • Hoang AT, Tabatabaei M, Aghbashlo MJES (2020) A review of the effect of biodiesel on the corrosion behavior of metals/alloys in diesel engines. Energy Sources A: Recovery Util Environ Eff 42:2923–2943

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoseini S, Najafi G, Ghobadian B, Ebadi M, Mamat R, TJRE Y (2020) Biodiesels from three feedstock: the effect of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles diesel engine parameters fuelled with biodiesel. Renew Energy 145:190–201

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain AK, Hussain A (2019) Impact of nanoadditives on the performance and combustion characteristics of neat jatropha biodiesel. Energies 12:921

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha H, Panahi HKS, Dehhaghi M, Orooji Y, Shahbeik H, Mahian O, Karimi-Maleh H, Kalam MA, Jouzani GS, Mei C (2023) Applications of nanotechnology in biodiesel combustion and post-combustion stages. Renew Sust Energ Rev 182:113414

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kari J, Vanthala VSP, Sagari J (2023) The influence of Cr2O3 nanoparticles dispersed Mesua ferrea biodiesel on the analysis performance, combustion, and emissions of diesel engine. Environ Dev Sustain:1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02897-0

  • Karthikeyan S, Dharma Prabhakaran T, Prathima AJES, Part A: Recovery, Utilization,, Effects E (2018): Environment effect of La2O3 nano-additives on microalgae-biodiesel fueled CRDI engine with conventional diesel. Energy Sources A: Recovery Util Environ Eff 40, 179-185

  • Karthikeyan S, Prathima AJTRPDT, Environment (2017): Environmental effect of CI engine using microalgae methyl ester with doped nano additives. Transp Res Part D: Transp Environ 50, 385-396

  • Kishore NP, Gugulothu SJJoTIoESC (2022): Effect of iron oxide nanoparticles blended concentration on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of crdi diesel engine running on mahua methyl ester biodiesel. J Inst Eng (India): C 103, 167-180

  • Kumar AM, Kannan M, Nataraj G (2020a) A study on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of diesel engine powered by nano-emulsion of waste orange peel oil biodiesel. Renew Energy 146:1781–1795

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar KG, Hani EHB, Assad MEH, Rahimi-Gorji M, Nadeem S (2021) A novel approach for investigation of heat transfer enhancement with ferromagnetic hybrid nanofluid by considering solar radiation. Microsyst Technol 27:97–104

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar KG, Reddy MG, Aldalbahi A, Rahimi-Gorji M, Rahaman M (2020b) Application of different hybrid nanofluids in convective heat transport of Carreau fluid. Chaos, Solitons Fractals 141:110350

    Google Scholar 

  • Maheshwari P, Haider MB, Yusuf M, Klemeš JJ, Bokhari A, Beg M, Al-Othman A, Kumar R, Jaiswal AK (2022) A review on latest trends in cleaner biodiesel production: role of feedstock, production methods, and catalysts. J Clean Prod 355:131588

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mehregan M, Moghiman M (2018) Effects of nano-additives on pollutants emission and engine performance in a urea-SCR equipped diesel engine fueled with blended-biodiesel. Fuel 222:402–406

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muruganantham P, Pandiyan P, Sathyamurthy R (2021) Analysis on performance and emission characteristics of corn oil methyl ester blended with diesel and cerium oxide nanoparticle. Case Stud Therm Eng 26:101077

    Google Scholar 

  • Oni BA, Sanni SE, Okoro EEJB, Bioproducts B (2022) Performance evaluation of Nannochloropsis oculate–carbon nanoparticle blend as fuel in compression ignition engine. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 16:743–757

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pandian AK, RBB R, YJES D, Research P (2017) Emission analysis on the effect of nanoparticles on neat biodiesel in unmodified diesel engine. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:23273–23278

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajak U, Ağbulut Ü, Veza I, Dasore A, Sarıdemir S, Verma TNJE (2022) Numerical and experimental investigation of CI engine behaviours supported by zinc oxide nanomaterial along with diesel fuel. Energy 239:122424

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajak U, Verma TN (2018) Spirulina microalgae biodiesel–a novel renewable alternative energy source for compression ignition engine. J Clean Prod 201:343–357

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajpoot AS, Choudhary T, Chelladurai H, Mishra S, Shende V (2023a) Performance analysis of a CI engine powered by different generations of biodiesel; palm oil, jatropha, and microalgae. Mater Today: Proc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.02.037

  • Rajpoot AS, Choudhary T, Chelladurai H, Patel NK (2023b) Effect of graphene nanoparticles on the behavior of a CI engine fueled with Jatropha biodiesel. Mater Today: Proc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.03.785

  • Rajpoot AS, Choudhary T, Chelladurai H, Rajak U, Sahu MK (2023c) Comparison of the effect of CeO2 and CuO2 nanoparticles on performance and emission of a diesel engine fueled with Neochloris oleoabundans algae biodiesel. Mater Today: Proc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.03.233

  • Rajpoot AS, Choudhary T, Chelladurai H, Verma TN, Pugazhendhi A (2023d) Sustainability analysis of spirulina biodiesel and their bends on a diesel engine with energy, exergy and emission (3E’s) parameters. Fuel 349:128637

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajpoot AS, Choudhary T, Chelladurai H, Verma TN, Shende VJMTP (2022) A comprehensive review on bioplastic production from microalgae. Mater Today: Proc 56:171–178

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramakrishnan G, Krishnan P, Rathinam S, Devarajan YJIJoGE (2019): Role of nano-additive blended biodiesel on emission characteristics of the research diesel engine. International Journal of Green Energy 16, 435-441

  • Rastogi PM, Sharma A, Kumar N (2021) Effect of CuO nanoparticles concentration on the performance and emission characteristics of the diesel engine running on jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) biodiesel. Fuel 286:119358

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rathinam S, Bhargava AJIJoAE (2022): Performance study on nanoparticle/biodiesel blends in Ci engine. International Journal of Ambient Energy 43, 1373-1377

  • Salam S, Choudhary T, Pugazhendhi A, Verma TN, Sharma AJF (2020) A review on recent progress in computational and empirical studies of compression ignition internal combustion engine. Fuel 279:118469

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sateesh K, Yaliwal V, Soudagar MEM, Banapurmath N, Fayaz H, Safaei MR, Elfasakhany A, EL-Seesy AI, (2022) Utilization of biodiesel/Al2O3 nanoparticles for combustion behavior enhancement of a diesel engine operated on dual fuel mode. J Therm Anal Calorim 147:5897–5911

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saxena V, Kumar N, Saxena VK (2017) A comprehensive review on combustion and stability aspects of metal nanoparticles and its additive effect on diesel and biodiesel fuelled CI engine. Renew Sust Energ Rev 70:563–588

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shariff SH, Vadapalli S, Sagari J (2022) Influence of FeCl3 nanoparticle dispersion in Cassia fistula biodiesel blend on the analysis of vibration and noise intensity of a diesel engine. J Vib Eng Technol 10:1531–1539

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheriff SA, Kumar IK, Mandhatha PS, Jambal SS, Sellappan R, Ashok B, Nanthagopal K (2020) Emission reduction in CI engine using biofuel reformulation strategies through nano additives for atmospheric air quality improvement. Renew Energy 147:2295–2308

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SJES V, Research P (2019) Enhancement in combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with diesel, biodiesel, and its blends by using nanoadditive. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:9561–9573

    Google Scholar 

  • Soudagar MEM, Banapurmath N, Afzal A, Hossain N, Abbas MM, Haniffa MACM, Naik B, Ahmed W, Nizamuddin S, Mubarak N (2020) Study of diesel engine characteristics by adding nanosized zinc oxide and diethyl ether additives in Mahua biodiesel–diesel fuel blend. Sci Rep 10:1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Soudagar MEM, Mujtaba M, Safaei MR, Afzal A, Ahmed W, Banapurmath N, Hossain N, Bashir S, Badruddin IA, Goodarzi M (2021) Effect of Sr@ ZnO nanoparticles and Ricinus communis biodiesel-diesel fuel blends on modified CRDI diesel engine characteristics. Energy 215:119094

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soudagar MEM, Nik-Ghazali N-N, Kalam MA, Badruddin I, Banapurmath N, Akram N (2018) The effect of nano-additives in diesel-biodiesel fuel blends: a comprehensive review on stability, engine performance and emission characteristics. Energy Convers Manag 178:146–177

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan SK, Kuppusamy R, PJES K, Research P (2021) Effect of nanoparticle-blended biodiesel mixtures on diesel engine performance, emission, and combustion characteristics. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:39210–39226

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundar SP, Vijayabalan P, Kaliappan VK, Sathyamurthy R, Kabeel A, Kamalakkannan K (2022a) Emission reduction and performance enhancement of diesel engine fuelled using palm oil biodiesel and nanoparticle as additive. Environ Dev Sustain:1–20

  • Sundar SSP, Vijayabalan P, Sathyamurthy R, Kabeel AE, Kamalakkannan K (2022b) An experimental approach on the utilization of palm oil biodiesel with higher concentration of Al2O3 nanoadditive for performance enhancement and emission reduction. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:89411–89425

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Surakasi R, Khan MY, Sener AS, Choudhary T, Bhattacharya S, Singhal P, Singh B (2022) Chowdary VL (2022): Analysis of environmental emission neat diesel-biodiesel–algae oil-nanometal additives in compression ignition engines. J Nanomater

  • Vallapudi DR, Makineni HK, Pisipaty SK, HJES V, Research P (2018) Combined impact of EGR and injection pressure in performance improvement and NOx control of a DI diesel engine powered with tamarind seed biodiesel blend. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:36381–36393

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Venu H, Appavu P (2021) Experimental studies on the influence of zirconium nanoparticle on biodiesel–diesel fuel blend in CI engine. Int J Ambient Energy 42:1588–1594

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei J, He C, Fan C, Pan S, Wei M, Wang CJEC (2021) Comparison in the effects of alumina, ceria and silica nanoparticle additives on the combustion and emission characteristics of a modern methanol-diesel dual-fuel CI engine. Energy Convers Manag 238:114121

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur (M.P.)

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sustainable Energy Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design, and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India

    Aman Singh Rajpoot, Hussain Mohamed Chelladurai & Tushar Choudhary

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Gaurav Saini

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India

    Anoop Kumar Shukla

Authors
  1. Aman Singh Rajpoot
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gaurav Saini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hussain Mohamed Chelladurai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Anoop Kumar Shukla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Tushar Choudhary
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Aman Singh Rajpoot: conceptualization, investigation, writing—reviewing and editing, writing—original draft, formal analysis. Gaurav Saini: literature review, visualization, validation, editing. H. Chelladurai: visualization, conceptualization, writing—reviewing and editing. Anoop Shukla: literature review, validation. Tushar Choudhary: supervision, conceptualization, formal analysis, writing—reviewing and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tushar Choudhary.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval and consent to participate

The methods used in this investigation were all carried out in compliance with institutional and/or national research and ethical standards.

Consent to publish

The authors grant the publisher the sole and exclusive license of the full copyright of this contribution.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rajpoot, A.S., Saini, G., Chelladurai, H.M. et al. Comparative combustion, emission, and performance analysis of a diesel engine using carbon nanotube (CNT) blended with three different generations of biodiesel. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 125328–125346 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28965-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28965-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation