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Geochemical characterisation and geostatistical evaluation of groundwater suitability: a case study in Perambalur District, Tamil Nadu, India

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Abstract

Groundwater is a naturally occurring potential source for drinking, irrigation, agricultural and industrial purposes. The population growth and accelerated development of industries and agriculture activity degrade groundwater quality. The groundwater quality of an area was determined by the physical and chemical parameters, influenced by geology, soil, land use, land cover and anthropogenic activities. Perambalur district in Tamil Nadu has been selected as a study area with a total geographical area of around 1757 km2. In the study area, groundwater quality decreases due to the usage of chemical fertilisers and pesticides in agricultural land and mining activities. So, the hydrogeochemical assessment will help to determine the groundwater suitability for drinking. Forty-eight groundwater samples were collected from the study area during the pre-monsoon (July 2021) and post-monsoon season (January 2022). Samples were analysed using the standard methods prescribed by the American Public Health Association for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate, nitrate and fluoride. The spatial distribution of major physiochemical parameters is mapped using the inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation technique. The evaluation of hydrochemical facies from piper plots revealed that the major cation and anion were in the order of Ca2+  > Mg2+  > Na+  > K+ and Cl−  > HCO3−  > SO42−  > NO3− in both seasons, respectively. Further, the plot explains the presence of both permanent and temporary hardness in the groundwater. The evaluation of hydrochemical facies from the piper plot emphasises that the reverse ion exchange controls groundwater chemistry. The assessment of chloro-alkaline indices reveals that the sodium and potassium in groundwater get substituted with magnesium and calcium in the parent rock, which determines the groundwater composition. The values of saturation indices reveal that calcite and dolomite are supersaturated and tend to precipitate. From principal component analysis, the principal components have an eigenvalue of more than 1, containing 79.8% and 79.2% in the total variance in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon, respectively. Most physiochemical parameters like TDS, EC, Na+, Mg2+, Cl− and SO42 − have strong positive loading and are responsible for the changes in groundwater chemistry. Finally, the calculation of the water quality index identified that groundwater quality in post-monsoon tends to decline compared to pre-monsoon.

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Acknowledgements

All the authors would like to thank the Department of Geography (UGC-SAP DRS II), Bharathidasan University, for providing the essential laboratory facility to carry out the entire work. MP would like to thank Prof. K. Kumaraswamy and Prof. R. Jegankumar, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, for their valuable suggestions and support. The authors extend their thanks to Mr. P. Thilagaraj, Mr. B. Prawin, and Mr. K. Suriyakumar, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, for their help in field sample collection.

Funding

This work was supported by the Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, Science and Technology Research Project (TNSCST/STP/SS-02/2019–20/3726).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India

    Masilamani Palanisamy, Thanuja Krishnan R, Killivalavan Jothiramalingam, Ilakiya Thiyagarajan & Siva Kumar P

  2. Department of Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560 056, India

    Abdul Rahaman S

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Contributions

Masilamani Palanisamy: project administration and resource allocation, field data acquisition, conceptualisation, and writing the original draft. Thanuja Krishnan R: field data acquisition, laboratory analysis, and writing original draft. Abdul Rahaman S: conceptualisation, review, and editing. Killivalavan Jothiramalingam: field data acquisition, laboratory analysis, and statistical analysis. Ilakiya Thiyagarajan: laboratory analysis, mapping, and layout. Siva Kumar P: field data acquisition and formal analysis.

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Palanisamy, M., R, T.K., S, A.R. et al. Geochemical characterisation and geostatistical evaluation of groundwater suitability: a case study in Perambalur District, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 62653–62674 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26387-6

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