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Synthesis and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles: its influence on corn (Z. mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants by inoculation of Bacillus subtilis

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Abstract

Nanotechnology is now playing an emerging role in green synthesis in agriculture as nanoparticles (NPs) are used for various applications in plant growth and development. Copper is a plant micronutrient; the amount of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) in the soil determines whether it has positive or adverse effects. CuONPs can be used to grow corn and wheat plants by combining Bacillus subtilis. In this research, CuONPs were synthesized by precipitation method using different precursors such as sodium hydroxide (0.1 M) and copper nitrate (Cu(NO3)2) having 0.1 M concentration with a post-annealing method. The NPs were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and ultraviolet (UV) visible spectroscopy. Bacillus subtilis is used as a potential growth promoter for microbial inoculation due to its prototrophic nature. The JAR experiment was conducted, and the growth parameter of corn (Z. mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) was recorded after 5 days. The lab assay evaluated the germination in JARs with and without microbial inoculation under CuONP stress at different concentrations (25 and 50 mg). The present study aimed to synthesize CuONPs and systematically investigate the particle size effects of copper (II) oxide (CuONPs) (< 50 nm) on Triticum aestivum and Z. mays. In our results, the XRD pattern of CuONPs at 500 °C calcination temperature with monoclinic phase is observed, with XRD peak intensity slightly increasing. The XRD patterns showed that the prepared CuONPs were extremely natural, crystal-like, and nano-shaped. We used Scherrer’s formula to calculate the average size of the particle, indicated as 23 nm. The X-ray diffraction spectrum of synthesized materials and SEM analysis show that the particles of CuONPs were spherical in nature. The results revealed that the synthesized CuONPs combined with Bacillus subtilis used in a field study provided an excellent result, where growth parameters of Z. Mays and Triticum aestivum such as root length, shoot length, and plant biomass was improved as compared to the control group.

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Author notes

  1. Hafiz Imran Haider and Imran Zafar contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Hafiz Imran Haider

  2. Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan

    Imran Zafar

  3. Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Qurat ul Ain

  4. Department of Chemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus, , Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Asifa Noreen

  5. Department of Chemistry, University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus, Sargodha, Pakistan

    Aamna Nazir

  6. Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan

    Rida Javed

  7. Department of Bioinformatics, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan

    Sheikh Arslan Sehgal

  8. Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan

    Sheikh Arslan Sehgal

  9. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Azmat Ali Khan

  10. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh

    Md. Mominur Rahman

  11. Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia

    Summya Rashid

  12. Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India

    Somenath Garai

  13. Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India

    Rohit Sharma

Authors
  1. Hafiz Imran Haider
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  2. Imran Zafar
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  3. Qurat ul Ain
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  11. Somenath Garai
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  12. Rohit Sharma
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Contributions

Conceptualization and writing—original draft preparation: Hafiz Imran Haider, Imran Zafar, Qurat ul Ain, Asifa Noreen, Aamna Nazir, and Rida Javed. Investigations and formal analysis: Hafiz Imran Haider, Imran Zafar, Qurat ul Ain, Asifa Noreen, and Aamna Nazir. Writing and editing: Sheikh Arslan Sehgal, Azmat Ali Khan, Md. Mominur Rahman, and Summya Rashid. Editing: Somenath Garai and Rohit Sharma. All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript prior to submission.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rohit Sharma.

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Haider, H.I., Zafar, I., Ain, Q.u. et al. Synthesis and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles: its influence on corn (Z. mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants by inoculation of Bacillus subtilis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 37370–37385 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24877-7

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