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Analyzing eutrophication and harmful algal bloom dynamics in a deep Mediterranean hypereutrophic reservoir

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Abstract

Excessive point and non-point nutrient loadings accompanied with elevated temperatures have increased the prevalence of harmful algal bloom (HAB). HABs pose significant environmental and public health concerns, particularly for inland freshwater systems. In this study, the eutrophication and HAB dynamics in the Qaraoun Reservoir, a hypereutrophic deep monomictic reservoir suffering from poor water quality, were assessed. The reservoir was mostly phosphorus limited, and large algal particulates dominated light attenuation in the water column. During bloom events, surface chlorophyll-a concentrations increased up to 961.3 µg/L, while surface concentrations of ammonia and ortho-phosphate were rapidly depleted; surface dissolved oxygen reached supersaturation levels and surface pH levels were up to 3 units higher than those measured in the hypolimnion. Meanwhile, measured Microcystin-LR toxin concentrations in the reservoir exceeded the World Health Organization 1 μg/L provisional guideline 45% of the times. Yet, the results showed that most of the toxins were intra-cellular, suggesting that they decayed rapidly when released into the reservoir. Results from a random forests ensemble model indicated that tracking the changes in surface dissolved oxygen levels, ammonium, ortho-phosphate, and pH can be an effective program towards predicting the reservoir’s trophic state and algae blooms.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Alameddine, I., upon reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was funded by an American University of Beirut (AUB) University Research Board (URB) grant (award no. 103780; Project# 25372) and by funding from (award no. 24395-CNRS) the AUB-Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research (L-CNRS) Joint Research Program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon

    Mohamad Abbas, Sara Dia & Ibrahim Alameddine

  2. Emlyon Business School, Lyon, France

    Sara Dia

  3. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

    Eliza S. Deutsch

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  1. Mohamad Abbas
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  2. Sara Dia
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  3. Eliza S. Deutsch
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  4. Ibrahim Alameddine
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were performed by Mohamad Abbas, Sara Dia, and Eliza S. Deutsch. Data analysis and interpretation were conducted by Ibrahim Alameddine and Mohamad Abbas. The whole research was supervised by Ibrahim Alameddine. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Ibrahim Alameddine.

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Supplementary file1 Water quality analysis methods and plots of the observed monthly variability in measured water quality between July 2013 and October 2019. (DOCX 2012 KB)

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Abbas, M., Dia, S., Deutsch, E.S. et al. Analyzing eutrophication and harmful algal bloom dynamics in a deep Mediterranean hypereutrophic reservoir. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 37607–37621 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24804-w

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