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Sanitary municipal landfill site selection by integration of GIS and multi-criteria techniques for environmental sustainability in Safita area, Tartous governorate, Syria

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Abstract

Urban waste disposal is a problem that poses a major challenge to city planners as a result of rapid population growth and urbanization. Finding suitable sites for solid waste is one of the most important solutions developed globally to manage this problem. In this regard, a set of physical, socio-economic and technological criteria must be considered to tackle the problem. Safita area (Tartous governorate) witnessed a rapid population growth during the decade of the war in Syria due to the onrush of internal refugees, which resulted in several environmental problems, including random waste dumps. After perusing the previous literature and considering expert opinions, a map of the spatial suitability of sustainable waste sites in the Safita area was developed by integrating the multi-criteria decision- making methodology (analytic hierarchy process) with the geographic information system. Thirteen criteria, including elevation, slope, permeability, distance to faults, distance to settlement, land use/land cover, distance to drainage, distance to water supplies, distance to lakes, distance to road, distance from tourist centers, distance from archaeological centers, and distance from religious centers, were used to achieve the goal of this study. The layer maps for these criteria were developed based on various data sources, including conventional and remote sensing data. Potential landfill sites were identified and divided into five categories: unsuitable (83.28%), less suitable (8.49%), moderately suitable (4.49%), highly suitable (2.57%), and very highly suitable (0.72%). The results of this study provide reliable spatial outputs that will help in suggesting new landfill sites that maintain environmental and socio-economic sustainability in the post-war phase. Moreover, the application of the methodology of this study can be generalized to the rest of the regions in Syria within the framework of the integrated management of the problem of random landfills.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the article/ from the corresponding author on request.

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Funding

This project was funded by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Research Supporting Project Number PNURSP2022R241, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geography Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Tartous University, Tartous, Syria

    Hazem Ghassan Abdo

  2. Geography Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria

    Hazem Ghassan Abdo

  3. Geography Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria

    Hazem Ghassan Abdo

  4. Geography Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia

    Taghreed Hamdi Dowiaan Aljohani

  5. Department of Geography, College of Arabic Language and Social Studies, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia

    Hussein Almohamad & Ahmed Abdullah Al-Dughairi

  6. Department of Geography, College of Arts, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia

    Motrih Al-Mutiry

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  1. Hazem Ghassan Abdo
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Contributions

Hazem Ghassan Abdo, Taghreed Hamdi Dowiaan Aljohani, and Hussein Almohamad proposed the main concept and highly involved in write-up. Hazem Ghassan Abdo, Hussein Almohamad, Ahmed Abdullah Al-Dughairi, and Taghreed Hamdi Dowiaan Aljohani assisted in data analysis and preparation spatial map. Hazem Ghassan Abdo, Hussein Almohamad, and Motrih Al-Mutiry are involved to write-up and review. Hazem Ghassan Abdo, Motrih Al-Mutiry, Ahmed Abdullah Al-Dughairi, and Taghreed Hamdi Dowiaan Aljohani involved to review, editing, review, and English grammar correction. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Abdo, H.G., Aljohani, T.H.D., Almohamad, H. et al. Sanitary municipal landfill site selection by integration of GIS and multi-criteria techniques for environmental sustainability in Safita area, Tartous governorate, Syria. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 30834–30854 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24287-9

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