Abstract
Agricultural waste residues (agro-waste) are the source of carbohydrates that generally go in vain or remain unused despite their interesting morphological, chemical, and mechanical properties. With rapid urbanization, there is a need to valorize this waste due to limited non-renewable resources. Utilizing agro-waste also prevents the problems like burning and inefficient disposal that otherwise lead to immense pollution worldwide. In addition, conversion of biomass to value-added products like earthen cups, weaving baskets, and bricks is equally beneficial for the rural population as it provides secondary income, creates jobs, and improves rural people’s lifestyles. This review paper will discuss an overview of different applications utilizing agro-waste residues. In particular, agro-wastes used as construction material, bio-fertilizers, pulp and paper products, packaging products, tableware, heating applications, biocomposites, nano-cellulosic materials, soil stabilizers, bioplastics, fire-retardant additive, dye removal, and biofuels will be summarized. Finally, several commercially available agro-waste products will also be discussed, emphasizing the circular economy.
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Acknowledgements
The author Nitin Gupta would like to thank the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee for providing online resources and support to carry out this review study during his Master’s study.
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Nitin Gupta would like to thank the Ministry of Education (MoE), Government of India, for providing resources and financial support to carry out this review work during his Master’s study.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Nitin Gupta and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. Investigation, formal analysis, visualization, manuscript editing, and data collection were performed by Nitin Gupta, Bhupender Kumar Mahur, Ansari Mohammed Dilsad Izrayeel, and Arihant Ahuja. Conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, manuscript editing and review, and supervision were performed by Vibhore Kumar Rastogi. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Gupta, N., Mahur, B.K., Izrayeel, A.M.D. et al. Biomass conversion of agricultural waste residues for different applications: a comprehensive review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 73622–73647 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22802-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22802-6