Abstract
Plastic wastes deposited in canals running through Thiruvananthapuram city have created stagnant waters providing breeding sites for mosquitoes. In the present study, plastic waste–derived bisphenol A (BPA) was quantified from four mosquito breeding sites. During summer rain, the concentration of BPA in the stagnant water samples was found to be between 0.86 and 1.14 mg/L, and hence 1 mg/L BPA was considered as the environmentally relevant concentration. In the present study, the effect of BPA on the life cycle and metamorphosis of filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus Say was elucidated by rearing larvae in water added with BPA at and above the environmentally relevant concentration viz., 1, 2, and 4 mg/L. The duration required for adult emergence was reduced from 10 to 8.5 days, when the concentration of BPA was increased from 1 to 4 mg/L respectively. Our study revealed that embryonic and larval developments were shortened by BPA treatment. BPA also caused a dose-dependent advancement of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E) peaks; phospholipase A2 induction; and upregulation of ecdysone receptor gene, EcRA, and ecdysone inducible gene E75A, which culminated in early pupation. No significant difference in sanguivory and fecundity was observed in adult mosquitoes treated with 1 mg/L of BPA. Our study reveals that BPA is a developmental agonist of C. quinquefasciatus.
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Acknowledgements
Authors thank University Grants Commission, India for sanctioning research grant through Faculty Development Programme and Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment for infrastructure development of Research Laboratory of Zoology Department, University College, Kerala, India. Authors also acknowledge the contributions of Dr. S. Sreekumar, former Professor and Head, Department of Zoology, Dr. Shubha N., former Associate Professor and Head, Department of English and Dr. M.N. Parasuraman, Assistant Professor, Department of English, University College, Thiruvananthapuram for their thorough language revision of the article.
Funding
First author (Ms. Ayana Gayathri R.V., Assistant Professor of Zoology) was working under Faculty Improvement Programme of University Grants Commission (India) as Teacher Fellow for her Doctoral work, funded by UGC, India. Infrastructure development of the Corresponding author’s laboratory was supported by Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment, Govt. of Kerala, India. Both organizations (UGC and KSCSTE) are properly acknowledged in this paper.
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Results incorporated in the paper are a portion of the Ph. D thesis of Dr. Ayana Gayathri, R.V., who has done her doctoral work under the guidance and supervision of Dr. Evans, D. A., Associate Professor of Zoology. Contribution of the first author in this paper is 50% and corresponding author is 50%. All the information given above are true to the best of our knowledge.
a. The results incorporated in this paper did not include any information made on humans or on higher animals.
b. Individual person’s data is not incorporated in this paper.
c. All data incorporated in the paper is based on observations made on Culex quinquefasciatus.
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Valsala, A.G.R., Asirvadam, E.D. Bisphenol A acts as developmental agonist in Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 74428–74441 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21001-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21001-7