Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation (EO), due to high efficiency and small carbon footprint, is regarded as an attractive option for on-site treatment of highly contaminated wastewater. This work shows the effectiveness of EO using three boron-doped diamond electrodes (BDDs) in sustainable management of landfill leachate (LL). The effect of the applied current density (25–100 mA cm−2) and boron doping concentration (B/C ratio: 500 ppm, 10,000 ppm and 15,000 ppm) on the performance of EO was investigated. It was found that, of the electrodes used, the one most effective at COD, BOD20 and ammonia removal (97.1%, 98.8% and 62%, respectively) was the electrode with the lowest boron doping. Then, to better elucidate the ecological role of LLs, before and after EO, cultivation of faecal bacteria and microscopic analysis of total (prokaryotic) cell number, together with ecotoxicity assay (Daphnia magna, Thamnocephalus platyurus and Artemia salina) were combined for the two better-performing electrodes. The EO process was very effective at bacterial cell inactivation using each of the two anodes, even within 2 h of contact time. In a complex matrix of LLs, this is probably a combined effect of electrogenerated oxidants (hydroxyl radicals, active chlorine and sulphate radicals), which may penetrate into the bacterial cells and/or react with cellular components. The toxicity of EO-treated LLs proved to be lower than that of raw ones. Since toxicity drops with increased boron doping, it is believed that appropriate electrolysis parameters can diminish the toxicity effect without compromising the nutrient-removal and disinfection capability, although salinity of LLs and related multistep-oxidation pathways needs to be further elucidated.
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Abbreviations
- 0.5 k BDD:
-
Boron-doped diamond electrode with B/C ratio of 500 ppm
- 10 k BDD:
-
Boron-doped diamond electrode with B/C ratio of 10,000 ppm
- 15 k BDD:
-
Boron-doped diamond electrode with B/C ratio of 15,000 ppm
- A. salina :
-
Artemia salina
- AOPs:
-
Advanced oxidation processes
- B/C:
-
Boron-to-carbon ratio
- BDD:
-
Boron-doped diamond electrode
- BOD:
-
Biochemical oxygen demand
- COD:
-
Chemical oxygen demand
- D. magna :
-
Daphnia magna
- EO:
-
Electrochemical oxidation
- LL:
-
Landfill leachate
- MSS:
-
Mineral suspended solids
- MSWP:
-
Municipal solid-waste plant
- TN:
-
Total nitrogen
- T. platyurus :
-
Thamnocephalus platyurus
- TSS:
-
Total suspended solids
- VSS:
-
Volatile suspended solids
- WWTP:
-
Wastewater treatment plant
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank M.Sc. Eng. Agnieszka Kalinowska for her support and assistance with microscopic analyses and gratefully acknowledge the staff of the studied MSWP for the kind assistance with landfill leachate sampling.
Funding
This study was supported by project “DIAOPS—effective removal of micropollutants from wastewater using electrochemical oxidation on nanocrystalline diamond anodes” and funded by the Regional Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in Gdansk, Poland (RX-15/13/2017).
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Conceptualization, AL, MS and SFK; formal analysis, BKW; funding acquisition, MS and SFK; investigation, BKW; methodology, AL, MS, SFK, MS and AB; supervision, AL; visualization, BKW and MP; writing — original draft, BKW; and writing — review and editing, AL and MS.
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Highlights
• EO using a BDD anode can be used as an alternative method of LL treatment.
• EO is based on combined effect of several oxidants electrogenerated in LL’s matrix.
• The least B-doped BDD was the most efficient in macropollutants removal.
• Bacterial inactivation was observed within 2 h of LL treatment by EO.
• The toxicity of LLs was reduced after EO treatment.
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Wilk, B.K., Szopińska, M., Sobaszek, M. et al. Electrochemical oxidation of landfill leachate using boron-doped diamond anodes: pollution degradation rate, energy efficiency and toxicity assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 65625–65641 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19915-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19915-3