Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The long-term effect of exposure to respirable particulate matter on the incidence of myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis study

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although several studies have investigated the long-term association of respirable particulate matter (PM ≤ 10 µm) with the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI), this association is inconclusive or even contradictory. This systematic review and meta-analysis study aimed to quantify the long-term effect of exposure to respirable PM on the incidence of MI. To find relevant publications, online databases, including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, were searched on October 10, 2021. A random-effect model was used to calculate the pooled hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of MI across studies. Heterogeneity was presented with reporting I2 index. Of 4591 records found in the primary searching, the number of 24 prospective cohort studies with more than 70 million participants was included. The pooled HR (95% CI) of MI per 1 µg/m3 increment of respirable PM was estimated as 1.01 (1.00, 1.01). Subgroup analyses according to aerodynamic diameter of PM showed an only significant stronger risk of MI per 1 µg/m3 increase in PM with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm (HR = 1.01, 95% CI = 1.00, 1.01). No sex difference was found in the association of respirable PM with MI incidence. There was only a significant association among studies defined MI as ICD-10: I21 code (HR = 1.01, 95% CI = 1.00, 1.01) and studies defined MI as ICD-10: I21–22 (HR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.00, 1.04). No significant publication bias was observed across studies. In conclusion, this study confirms a significant association between long-term exposure to respirable PM air pollution and development of MI.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and materials

Data will be available upon request.

References

  • Akintoye E, Shi L, Obaitan I, Olusunmade M, Wang Y, Newman JD, Dodson JA (2016) Association between fine particulate matter exposure and subclinical atherosclerosis: a meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol 23:602–612

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson RW, Carey IM, Kent AJ, van Staa TP, Anderson HR, Cook DG (2013) Long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiology 24:44–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bai L, Shin S, Burnett RT, Kwong JC, Hystad P, van Donkelaar A, Goldberg MS, Lavigne E, Copes R, Martin RV, Kopp A, Chen H (2019a) Exposure to ambient air pollution and the incidence of congestive heart failure and acute myocardial infarction: a population-based study of 5 1 million Canadian adults living in Ontario. Environ Int. 132:105004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bai L, Weichenthal S, Kwong JC, Burnett RT, Hatzopoulou M, Jerrett M, van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Van Ryswyk K, Lu H, Kopp A, Chen H (2019b) Associations of long-term exposure to ultrafine particles and nitrogen dioxide with increased incidence of congestive heart failure and acute myocardial infarction. Am J Epidemiol 188:151–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Begg CB, Mazumdar M (1994) Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics 50:1088–1101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA 3rd, Brook JR, Bhatnagar A, Diez-Roux AV, Holguin F, Hong Y, Luepker RV, Mittleman MA, Peters A, Siscovick D, Smith SC Jr, Whitsel L, Kaufman JD, American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism (2010) Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 121:2331–78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burnett R, Chen H, Szyszkowicz M, Fann N, Hubbell B, Pope CA 3rd, Apte JS, Brauer M, Cohen A, Weichenthal S, Coggins J, Di Q, Brunekreef B, Frostad J, Lim SS, Kan H, Walker KD, Thurston GD, Hayes RB, Lim CC, Turner MC, Jerrett M, Krewski D, Gapstur SM, Diver WR, Ostro B, Goldberg D, Crouse DL, Martin RV, Peters P, Pinault L, Tjepkema M, van Donkelaar A, Villeneuve PJ, Miller AB, Yin P, Zhou M, Wang L, Janssen NAH, Marra M, Atkinson RW, Tsang H, Quoc Thach T, Cannon JB, Allen RT, Hart JE, Laden F, Cesaroni G, Forastiere F, Weinmayr G, Jaensch A, Nagel G, Concin H, Spadaro JV (2018) Global estimates of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115:9592–9597

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cai X, Li Z, Scott EM, Li X, Tang M (2016a) Short-term effects of atmospheric particulate matter on myocardial infarction: a cumulative meta-analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 23:6139–6148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cai Y, Zhang B, Ke W, Feng B, Lin H, Xiao J, Zeng W, Li X, Tao J, Yang Z, Ma W, Liu T (2016b) Associations of short-term and long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension 68(1):62–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carey IM, Anderson HR, Atkinson RW, Beevers S, Cook DG, Dajnak D, Gulliver J, Kelly FJ (2016) Traffic pollution and the incidence of cardiorespiratory outcomes in an adult cohort in London. Occup Environ Med 73:849–856

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cesaroni G, Forastiere F, Stafoggia M, Andersen ZJ, Badaloni C, Beelen R, Caracciolo B, de Faire U, Erbel R, Eriksen KT, Fratiglioni L, Galassi C, Hampel R, Heier M, Hennig F, Hilding A, Hoffmann B, Houthuijs D, Jöckel KH, Korek M, Lanki T, Leander K, Magnusson PK, Migliore E, Ostenson CG, Overvad K, Pedersen NL, J JP, Penell J, Pershagen G, Pyko A, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Ranzi A, Ricceri F, Sacerdote C, Salomaa V, Swart W, Turunen AW, Vineis P, Weinmayr G, Wolf K, de Hoogh K, Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Peters A. Long term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of acute coronary events: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis in 11 European cohorts from the ESCAPE Project. Version 2. BMJ.;348:f7412

  • Chen H, Zhang Z, Van Donkelaar A, Bai L, Martin RV, Lavigne E, … Burnett RT (2020) Understanding the joint impacts of fine particulate matter concentration and composition on the incidence and mortality of cardiovascular disease: a component-adjusted approach. Environ Sci Technol 54(7):4388–4399. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06861

  • Cramer J, Jorgensen JT, Hoffmann B, Loft S, Brauner EV, Prescott E, . . . Andersen ZJ (2020) Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of myocardial infarction: A Danish nurse cohort study. Environ Health Perspect 128(5). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp5818

  • DerSimonian R, Laird N (2015) Meta-analysis in clinical trials revisited. Contemp Clin Trials 45:139–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downward GS, van Nunen EJHM, Kerckhoffs J, Vineis P, Brunekreef B, Boer JMA, Messier KP, Roy A, Verschuren WMM, van der Schouw YT, Sluijs I, Gulliver J, Hoek G, Vermeulen R (2018) Long-term exposure to ultrafine particles and incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in a prospective study of a Dutch cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 126(12):127007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C (1997) Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 315:629–634

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott EG, Laden F, James P, Rimm EB, Rexrode KM, Hart JE (2020) Interaction between long-term exposure to fine particulate matter and physical activity, and risk of cardiovascular disease and overall mortality in US women. Environ Health Perspect 128(12). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp7402

  • Farhadi Z, AbulghasemGorgi H, Shabaninejad H, AghajaniDelavar M, Torani S (2020) Association between PM2.5 and risk of hospitalization for myocardial infarction: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 20:314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiordelisi A, Piscitelli P, Trimarco B, Coscioni E, Iaccarino G, Sorriento D (2017) The mechanisms of air pollution and particulate matter in cardiovascular diseases. Heart Fail Rev 22:337–347

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franchini M, Guida A, Tufano A, Coppola A (2012) Air pollution, vascular disease and thrombosis: linking clinical data and pathogenic mechanisms. J Thromb Haemost 10:2438–2451

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fu P, Guo X, Cheung FMH, Yung KKL (2019) The association between PM2.5 exposure and neurological disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ 655:1240–1248

  • Gandini M, Scarinzi C, Bande S, Berti G, Carnà P, Ciancarella L, Costa G, Demaria M, Ghigo S, Piersanti A, Rowinski M, Spadea T, Stroscia M, Cadum E; LIFE MEDHISS collaborative Group (2018) Long term effect of air pollution on incident hospital admissions: results from the Italian Longitudinal Study within LIFE MED HISS project. Environ Int 121:1087–1097

  • GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators (2017) Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 390:1345–1422

  • Higgins JPT, Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0 [Updated March 2011] 2011 [May 1, 2016]. Available from: www.cochrane-handbook.org

  • Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 327:557–560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins JP, Thompson SG (2002) Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med 21:1539–1558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins J, Wells G (2011) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions

  • Huang F, Pan B, Wu J, Chen E, Chen L (2017) Relationship between exposure to PM2.5 and lung cancer incidence and mortality: A meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 8:43322–43331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hystad P, Larkin A, Rangarajan S, AlHabib KF, Avezum Á, Calik KBT, … Brauer M (2020) Associations of outdoor fine particulate air pollution and cardiovascular disease in 157 436 individuals from 21 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Planet Health 4(6):e235–e245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30103-0

  • Khosravipour M, Khanlari P (2020) The association between road traffic noise and myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ. 731:139226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim H, Kim J, Kim S, Kang SH, Kim HJ, Kim H, Heo J, Yi SM, Kim K, Youn TJ, Chae IH (2017) Cardiovascular effects of long-term exposure to air pollution: a population-based study with 900 845 person-years of follow-up. J Am Heart Assoc. 6:e007170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim OJ, Lee SH, Kang SH, Kim SY (2020) Incident cardiovascular disease and particulate matter air pollution in South Korea using a population-based and nationwide cohort of 0.2 million adults. Environ Health 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-020-00671-1

  • Lam J, Sutton P, Kalkbrenner A, Windham G, Halladay A, Koustas E, Lawler C, Davidson L, Daniels N, Newschaffer C, Woodruff T (2016) A systematic review and meta-analysis of multiple airborne pollutants and autism spectrum disorder. PLoS ONE 11(9):e0161851. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161851.PMID:27653281;PMCID:PMC5031428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Li J, Liu F, Liang F, Huang K, Yang X, … Gu D (2020) Long-term effects of high exposure to ambient fine particulate matter on coronary heart disease incidence: a population-based Chinese cohort study. Environ Sci Technol 54(11):6812–6821. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06663

  • Li MH, Fan LC, Mao B, Yang JW, Choi AMK, Cao WJ, Xu JF (2016) Short-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter increases hospitalizations and mortality in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest 149:447–458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D (2009) The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration. PLoS Medicine 6(7):e1000100. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipsett MJ, Ostro BD, Reynolds P, Goldberg D, Hertz A, Jerrett M, Smith DF, Garcia C, Chang ET, Bernstein L (2011) Long-term exposure to air pollution and cardiorespiratory disease in the California teachers study cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 184:828–835

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu F, Chen G, Huo W, Wang C, Liu S, Li N, Mao S, Hou Y, Lu Y, Xiang H (2019) Associations between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Pollut 252:1235–1245

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Lian H, Ruan Y, Liang R, Zhao X, Routledge M, Fan Z (2015) Association of exposure to particular matter and carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12:12924–12940

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Z, Wang F, Li W, Yin L, Wang Y, Yan R, Lao XQ, Kan H, Tse LA (2018) Does utilizing WHO’s interim targets further reduce the risk - meta-analysis on ambient particulate matter pollution and mortality of cardiovascular diseases? Environ Pollut 242:1299–1307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loop MS, McClure LA, Levitan EB, Al-Hamdan MZ, Crosson WL, Safford MM (2018) Fine particulate matter and incident coronary heart disease in the REGARDS cohort. Am Heart J 197:94–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luo C, Zhu X, Yao C, Hou L, Zhang J, Cao J, Wang A (2015) Short-term exposure to particulate air pollution and risk of myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 22:14651–14662

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller KA, Siscovick DS, Sheppard L, Shepherd K, Sullivan JH, Anderson GL, Kaufman JD (2007) Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women. N Engl J Med 1(356):447–458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller MR, Newby DE (2020) Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: car sick. Cardiovasc Res 116:279–294

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller RG (1974) The jackknife-a review. Biometrika 61:1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, Shekelle P, Stewart LA; PRISMA-P Group (2015) Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev 4:1

  • Mustafic H, Jabre P, Caussin C, Murad MH, Escolano S, Tafflet M, Périer MC, Marijon E, Vernerey D, Empana JP, Jouven X (2012) Main air pollutants and myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 307:713–721

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newell K, Kartsonaki C, Lam KBH, Kurmi OP (2017) Cardiorespiratory health effects of particulate ambient air pollution exposure in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Planet Health 1:e368–e380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishiwaki Y, Michikawa T, Takebayashi T, Nitta H, Iso H, Inoue M, Tsugane S; Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Group. Long-term exposure to particulate matter in relation to mortality and incidence of cardiovascular disease: the JPHC study. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2013;20:296–309

  • Ohlwein S, Kappeler R, Kutlar Joss M, Künzli N, Hoffmann B (2019) Health effects of ultrafine particles: a systematic literature review update of epidemiological evidence. Int J Public Health 64:547–559

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olaniyan T, Pinault L, Li C, van Donkelaar A, Meng J, Martin RV, … Chen H (2022) Ambient air pollution and the risk of acute myocardial infarction and stroke: a national cohort study. Environ Res 204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111975

  • Orellano P, Quaranta N, Reynoso J, Balbi B, Vasquez J (2017) Effect of outdoor air pollution on asthma exacerbations in children and adults: systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis. PLoS One. 20(12):e0174050

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puett RC, Hart JE, Yanosky JD, Paciorek C, Schwartz J, Suh H, Speizer FE, Laden F (2009) Chronic fine and coarse particulate exposure, mortality, and coronary heart disease in the Nurses’ Health Study. Environ Health Perspect 117:1697–1701

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puett RC, Schwartz J, Hart JE, Yanosky JD, Speizer FE, Suh H, Paciorek CJ, Neas LM, Laden F (2008) Chronic particulate exposure, mortality, and coronary heart disease in the nurses’ health study. Am J Epidemiol 15(168):1161–1168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajagopalan S, Al-Kindi SG, Brook RD (2018) Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol 72:2054–2070

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah AS, Langrish JP, Nair H, McAllister DA, Hunter AL, Donaldson K, Newby DE, Mills NL (2013) Global association of air pollution and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 382:1039–1048

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shin HH, Fann N, Burnett RT, Cohen A, Hubbell BJ (2014) Outdoor fine particles and nonfatal strokes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology 25:835–842

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song X, Liu Y, Hu Y, Zhao X, Tian J, Ding G, Wang S (2016) Short-term exposure to air pollution and cardiac arrhythmia: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13:642

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sørensen M, Hvidtfeldt UA, Poulsen AH, Thygesen LC, Frohn LM, Ketzel M, … Raaschou-Nielsen O (2022) The effect of adjustment to register-based and questionnaire-based covariates on the association between air pollution and cardiometabolic disease. Environ Res 203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111886

  • van Kempen EEMM, Kruize H, Boshuizen HC, Ameling CB, Statsen BAM, de Hollander AEM (2002) The association between noise exposure and blood pressure and ischemic heart disease: a meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect 110(3):307–317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viswanathan M, Ansari M, Berkman N, Chang S, Hartling L, McPheeters L, et al (2012) Assessing the risk of bias of individual studies in systematic reviews of health care interventions. AHRQ Publication No. 12-EHC047-EF

  • Wells G, Shea B, O’Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P (2013) The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses

  • World_Health_Organization. Air Pollution. https://www.who.int/airpollution/en/ (29 August 2019, date last accessed)

  • Wu MY, Lo WC, Chao CT, Wu MS, Chiang CK (2020) Association between air pollutants and development of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ. 706:135522

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang M, Cheng H, Shen C, Liu J, Zhang H, Cao J, Ding R (2020) Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 27:798–811

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yazdi M, Wang Y, Di Q, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J (2019) Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and ozone and hospital admissions of Medicare participants in the Southeast USA. Environ Int. 130:104879

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yazdi MD, Wang Y, Di Q, Wei YG, Requia WJ, Shi LH, … Schwartz JD (2021) Long-term association of air pollution and hospital admissions among medicare participants using a doubly robust additive model. Circulation 143(16):1584–1596. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.050252

  • Yuan S, Wang J, Jiang Q, He Z, Huang Y, Li Z, Cai L, Cao S (2019) Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Environ Res. 177:108587

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zare Sakhvidi MJ, Zare Sakhvidi F, Mehrparvar AH, Foraster M, Dadvand P (2018) Association between noise exposure and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Res 166:647–657

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng Y, Lin R, Liu L, Liu Y, Li Y (2019) Ambient air pollution exposure and risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Psychiatry Res 276:69–78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z, Weichenthal S, Kwong JC, Burnett RT, Hatzopoulou M, Jerrett M, … Chen H (2021) Long-term exposure to iron and copper in fine particulate air pollution and their combined impact on reactive oxygen species concentration in lung fluid: a population-based cohort study of cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality in Toronto. Canada Int J Epidemiol 50(2):589–601. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa230

  • Zhang Z, Yan W, Chen Q, Zhou N, Xu Y (2019) The relationship between exposure to particulate matter and breast cancer incidence and mortality: a meta-analysis. Medicine. 98:e18349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu W, Cai J, Hu Y, Zhang H, Han X, Zheng H, Wu J (2021) Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter relates with incident myocardial infarction (MI) risks and post-MI mortality: a meta-analysis. Chemosphere 267

  • Zou L, Zong Q, Fu W, Zhang Z, Xu H, Yan S, Mao J, Zhang Y, Cao S, Lv C (2021) Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, Front Med (Lausanne), 8

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge from Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.

Funding

This study was approved by the Research Deputy and Technology of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. We did not receive any funding for the current meta-analysis.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Masoud Khosravipour

  2. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Roya Safari-Faramani, Fatemeh Rajati & Fariborz Omidi

  3. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Roya Safari-Faramani

  4. Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Fariborz Omidi

Authors
  1. Masoud Khosravipour
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Roya Safari-Faramani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Fatemeh Rajati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Fariborz Omidi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Masoud Khosravipour and Fatemeh Rajati contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Masoud Khosravipour, Roya Safari, and Fatemeh Rajati. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Masoud Khosravipour and Fariborz Omidi. Fatemeh Rajati revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fatemeh Rajati.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

This study is approved at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publish

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOC 64 kb)

Supplementary file2 (DOCX 12 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Khosravipour, M., Safari-Faramani, R., Rajati, F. et al. The long-term effect of exposure to respirable particulate matter on the incidence of myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 42347–42371 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18986-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18986-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation