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Bioaccumulation and transfer of zinc in soil plant and animal system: a health risk assessment for the grazing animals

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Abstract

Heavy metals pollution has thorough worldwide apprehensions due to the instantaneous growth of industries. Farming regions are irrigated mainly with wastewater which contains both municipal and industrial emancipations. Keeping in view the above scenario, a study was designed in which three sites irrigated with ground, canal, and municipal wastewater in the District Jhang were selected to determine the zinc accumulation and its transfer in the soil, plant, and animal food chain. Zinc concentration was ranged as 18.85–35.59mg/kg in the soil, 26.42–42.67 mg/kg in the forage, and 0.982–2.85mg/kg in the animal samples. Investigated zinc concentration in soil and forages was found to be within the recommended WHO/FAO limits, but blood samples exceed the standards of NRC (2007). The maximum level of pollution load index (0.427–0.805mg/kg) and enrichment factor (0.373–0.894 mg/kg) for zinc was noticed upon wastewater irrigation. Daily intake (0.039 to 0.082 mg/kg/day) and health risk index (0.130 to 0.275 mg/kg/day) of zinc metal was higher in the buffaloes that feed on wastewater-irrigated forages. Bio-concentration factor (0.840 to 2.01mg/kg) for soil-forage was >1 which represents that these plants accumulated the zinc concentration into their tissues and raised health issues in grazing animals on consumption of wastewater-contaminated forages. As animal-derived products are part of human food, then zinc toxicity prevailed in livestock tissues ultimately affects the human food chain. Overall, findings of this study concluded that animal herds should be monitored periodically to devise preventive measures regarding the toxic level of heavy metals availability to livestock.

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51974313 and 41907405) and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20180641).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China

    Fu Chen & Jing Ma

  2. Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan

    Fatima Ghulam Muhammad, Zafar Iqbal Khan, Kafeel Ahmad, Ifra Saleem Malik, Asma Ashfaq & Majida Naeem

  3. Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan

    Muhammad Nadeem & Shahid Mehmood

  4. Department of Botany, Govt. College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

    Muhammad Umer Farooq Awan

  5. Department Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan

    Shahzadi Mahpara

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  1. Fu Chen
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Contributions

ZIK and KA supervised the study. FC, FGM, and JM were responsible for writing the manuscript. AA, MN, and SM1 were responsible for conducting the experiments and the data analysis. ISM, MUFA, SM2, and MN were responsible for analyzing and interpreting the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Zafar Iqbal Khan.

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Chen, ., Muhammad, F.G., Khan, Z.I. et al. Bioaccumulation and transfer of zinc in soil plant and animal system: a health risk assessment for the grazing animals. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 2718–2727 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15808-z

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