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Financial development, human capital development and climate change in East and Southern Africa

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Abstract

Africa is currently experiencing both financial and human development challenges. While several continents have advocated for financial development in order to acquire environmentally friendly machinery that produces less emissions and ensures long-term sustainability, Africa is still lagging behind the rest of the world. Similarly, Africa’s human development has remained stagnant, posing a serious threat to climate change if not addressed. Building on the underpinnings of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis on the nexus between economic growth and environmental pollution, this study contributes to empirical research seeking to promote environmental sustainability as follows. First, it investigates the link between financial development, human capital development and climate change in East and Southern Africa. Second, six advanced panel techniques are used, and they include (1) cross-sectional dependency (CD) tests; (2) combined panel unit root tests; (3) combined panel cointegration tests; (4) panel VAR/VEC Granger causality tests; and (5) combined variance decomposition analysis based on Cholesky and generalised weights. Our finding shows that financial and human capital developments are important in reducing CO2 emissions and promoting environmental sustainability in East and Southern Africa.

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The authors are indebted to the editors and reviewers for constructive comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Business School, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK

    Olatunji A. Shobande

  2. Department of Economics, University of South Africa, P. O. Box 392, UNISA, Pretoria, 0003, South Africa

    Simplice A. Asongu

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Appendix

Appendix

East and Southern African countries examined

1

Kenya

8

South Sudan

2

Tanzania

9

Mozambique

3

Uganda

10

Zambia

4

Ethiopia

11

Mauritius

5

Rwanda

12

Burundi

6

Djibouti

  

7

Madagascar

  

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Shobande, O.A., Asongu, S.A. Financial development, human capital development and climate change in East and Southern Africa. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 65655–65675 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15129-1

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