Abstract
Drainage of treated wastewater to surface water is a severe threat to the health of aquatic organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 0.5 and 1% water-soluble fractions of crude oil (WSFO), WSFO treated with magnetic nanoparticles of Fe3O4 (TWSFO-Fe3O4) and with the gravity separation method (TWSFO-GSM) on Cirrhinus cirrhosis for 21 days. The rate of erythrocyte hemolysis in fish exposed to untreated 0.5 and 1% WSFO were significantly high. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly increased in the groups exposed to TWSFO-GSM compared to the control group, while lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was reduced. No significant differences in LDH, ALT, ALP, and GGT activities were observed in the fish treated with TWSFO-Fe3O4. The aspartate aminotransferase activity was significantly increased after exposure to TWSFO-Fe3O4 (1%) and TWSFO-GSM. The levels of triglyceride were decreased, whereas glucose, cholesterol, and cholinesterase activity increased in fish after both treatments. The total protein and albumin contents significantly decreased in fish under exposure to both doses of TWSFO-Fe3O4 and TWSFO-GSM. The globulin level decreased in fish exposed to TWSFO-Fe3O4 (1%) and TWSFO-GSM. Glutathione peroxidase, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities, and total antioxidant levels were significantly reduced in the hepatocytes of fish exposed to TWSFO-Fe3O4, TWSFO-GSM, and WSFO, while superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde content were increased. This study showed that despite removing oil drips from the WSFO, the xenobiotics present in the effluent treated by gravitational or nano-magnetite methods caused changes in biochemical parameters and induced oxidative stress. Therefore, it is recommended to prevent the discharge of treated effluent from the oil and petrochemical industries to aquatic ecosystems.
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Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology. However, restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. However, data are available from the authors upon reasonable request and permission of the Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology.
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Acknowledgement
The authors appreciate Maryam Banaie’s assistance for proofreading the manuscript.
Funding
This study was funded by Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Iran (3-2-5544 BKATU). A. Sureda was supported by by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBEROBN -CB12/03/30038).
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Sakineh Hamidi: M.Sc Student (Environmental Science); Contribution: Investigation, Project administration
Mahdi Banaee; Assistance Professor (Aquaculture and Ecotoxicology); Contribution: Supervisor, Validation, Formal analysis, Writing - Original Draft
Hamid Reza Pourkhabbaz; Assistance Professor (Environmental Science); Contribution: Supervisor
Antoni Sureda: Associate Professor (Biochemistry); Contribution: Writing - Original Draft, Review and Editing
Saeid Khodadoust: Assistance Professor (Chemistry Science); Contribution: Adviser
Ali Reza Pourkhabbaz: Associate Professor (Environmental Science); Contribution: Adviser
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In this study, none of the authors used human beings as research subjects. International, national, and institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. Experimental protocols were done following the Iranian animal ethics framework under the supervision of the Iranian Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology (BKATU-6/1/43819-1397).
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Hamidi, S., Banaee, M., Pourkhabbaz, H.R. et al. Effect of petroleum wastewater treated with gravity separation and magnetite nanoparticles adsorption methods on the blood biochemical response of mrigal fish (Cirrhinus cirrhosus). Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 3718–3732 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15106-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15106-8