Abstract
Dimethomorph is a morpholine broad-spectrum fungicide and effectively controls taro blight, cucumber downy mildew, rice blast disease, and others. Fluopimomide is a newly developed broad-spectrum fungicide to primarily control oomycetes and rhizoctonia diseases. Taro, one of the earliest cultivated crops, is a staple food in Africa, Oceania, and Asia. Recently, a commercial suspension concentrate formulation containing 15% fluopimomide and 25% dimethomorph has been registered in China, the second largest taro producer in the world. The objective of this study was to develop a high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method to detect the residues of fluopimomide and dimethomorph concurrently in taro samples. The results showed that the average recoveries of fluopimomide and dimethomorph ranged from 83 to 108%, and relative standard deviations (RSD) ranged from 1 to 11%. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.01 mg kg−1 for the two compounds. The dissipation results demonstrated that both fluopimomide and dimethomorph in taro degraded rapidly in taro fields, and the residues of the two fungicides were below the LOQ within 14 days post-application. The final residue levels of fluopimomide and dimethomorph in taro were lower than 0.066 mg kg−1 28 days post-application. For dietary risk assessments, the dietary structure of different genders and age of people in China exposure risk assessment and whole diet exposure risk assessment shows that the risk quotient (RQ) values were substantially lower than 100%, suggesting that the long-term risks of fluopimomide/dimethomorph mixed formulation in taro at the recommended dosage were negligible. In summary, our combined results from the dissipation behaviors, terminal residues, and dietary risk assessments provide the critical empirical data for the establishment of the maximum residue levels (MRLs) of the two broad-spectrum fungicides in taro, a traditional food for African, Oceanic, and South Asian cultures.
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Funding
The study was financially supported by the Scientific Research Project of Hunan Provincial Department of Education China (Grant No. 19C0919) and the Agricultural Pesticide Residue Project of the Ministry of Agriculture China (Grant No. 2018041).
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LY performed the residue analysis and detection experiments, and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. XZ performed the modification of figures and tables, and was a major contributor in guiding the writing of the entire manuscript. YD analyzed and interpreted the dietary risk assessment of fluopimomide and dimethomorph on taro. DG analyzed and interpreted the final residual data, and was a major contributor in experimental design. HL analyzed and interpreted the residual dissipation data, and was a major contributor in experimental design. PZ performed the experiments of residue detection. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Yang, L., Zhou, X., Deng, Y. et al. Dissipation behavior, residue distribution, and dietary risk assessment of fluopimomide and dimethomorph in taro using HPLC-MS/MS. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 43956–43969 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13713-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13713-z