Abstract
Conventional farming uses a large volume of pesticides that may reach aquatic ecosystems. This is also the case for the insecticide fipronil and the herbicide 2,4-D, which are widely used in many crops. This study aimed at evaluating the individual and mixture toxicity of these pesticides to the tropical amphipod Hyalella meinerti. To this end, acute toxicity tests (96 h) were conducted. Chronic bioassays (10 days) were also carried out, in which the body length and dry biomass were evaluated as endpoints. In addition, a complete factorial mixture chronic toxicity test was carried out. H. meinerti was sensitive to fipronil in the acute toxicity tests, with a LC50-96-h of 0.86 μg L−1 (95% CI 0.26–0.46), and no acute effects were observed after 2,4-D exposure even at the highest test concentration of 100 mg L−1. In the chronic toxicity tests, all tested concentrations of both pesticides decreased the growth of H. meinerti, in which losses on biomass reached 45% and 65% for 2,4-D and fipronil, respectively. The pesticide mixture indicated antagonism although it still significantly decreased the body growth. The results obtained indicate a high sensitivity of H. meinerti exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations, demonstrating that there are risks for the species in real field conditions.
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The work was supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP, Brazil, grant n. 2015/18790-3). T.J.S.P., L.C.M.S., M.P.C.Y., and B.V.G. have a Ph.D. scholarship from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). R.A.M. has a post-doctoral grant from FAPESP (2017/24126-4) and P.D.F and V.L.S.R have scientific initiation grants (FAPESP 2019/04198-6 and 2016/25611-0, respectively). Financial support was also provided to M.A.D. by the Portuguese government (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia; FCT) through the research unit UIDB/04085/2020 (CENSE).
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Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing—Original Draft
Raquel Aparecida Moreira: Writing—Review and Editing
Laís Conceição Menezes da Silva: Investigation
Maria Paula Cardoso Yoshii: Investigation
Bianca Veloso Goulart: Resources, Investigation
Priscille Dreux Fraga: Investigation
Victor Luiz da Silva Rolim: Investigation
Cassiana Carolina Montagner: Resources; Writing—Review and Editing
Michiel Adriaan Daam: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing—Review and Editing
Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espindola: Conceptualization; Methodology, Writing—Review and Editing; Project administration; Funding acquisition
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da Silva Pinto, T.J., Moreira, R.A., da Silva, L.C.M. et al. Toxicity of fipronil and 2,4-D formulations (alone and in a mixture) to the tropical amphipod Hyalella meinerti. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 38308–38321 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13296-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13296-9