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Contamination of rice crop with potentially toxic elements and associated human health risks—a review

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Abstract

Production of rice, a major staple food crop, should be maintained both quantitatively and qualitatively to assure global food security. In recent decades, various natural (biogeochemical weathering of rocks) and anthropogenic (increased application of agrochemicals, solid and liquid waste discharges from domestic and industrial areas, vehicular pollution, etc.) activities have deteriorated soil and water resources by contributing potentially toxic elements (PTEs) to the environment. Shortage of land resources and requirements of the ever-increasing human population has led to increasing global trend of rice cultivation in contaminated soils, causing accumulation of various PTEs such as arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) in rice crop, especially in the grains. Rice plants uptake and accumulate PTEs leading to their entry into the food chain. Consumption of rice contaminated with PTEs disturbs the human metabolism as PTEs interfere with different physiological/molecular mechanisms causing various health problems such as weak bones; skin problems; respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous, reproductive, and hepatic disorders; and cancer. Possible non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks have been determined in some studies by following the guidelines provided by various governmental or non-governmental agencies. Considering these facts, the present study was conducted to give a broader perspective on rice contamination with various potentially toxic elements, their bioconcentration in rice, associated health risks in human beings, and strategies for bioremediation of soil and water resources to eliminate PTEs.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Guru Nanak Dev University and DAV College, Amritsar, for providing internet and library facilities for the collection and review of the literature.

Funding

The authors would like to thank the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, for providing grant under UPE scheme.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, DAV College, Amritsar, Punjab, 143001, India

    Sakshi Sharma

  2. Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India

    Sakshi Sharma & Avinash Kaur Nagpal

  3. Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Studies-UGC, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India

    Inderpreet Kaur

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  1. Sakshi Sharma
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  3. Avinash Kaur Nagpal
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Prof. Avinash Kaur Nagpal (Supervisor) and Dr. Inderpreet Kaur (Co-supervisor) planned, designed, and polished the manuscript. Dr. Sakshi surveyed the literature and wrote the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Inderpreet Kaur or Avinash Kaur Nagpal.

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Sharma, S., Kaur, I. & Nagpal, A.K. Contamination of rice crop with potentially toxic elements and associated human health risks—a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 12282–12299 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11696-x

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