Abstract
The unconventional energy sources like hydrogen energy have tremendous potential of filling the gap between economic growth and clean energy consumption. A little intention has been made in this regard in the developing economies like Pakistan. This study develops a fusibility analysis to highlight the potential of hydrogen energy source in Pakistan. For this purpose, this study used a hybrid mathematical model that combines the range of wind speed with the log law to push wind power’s potential to generate wind hydrogen in Pakistan. The study results indicate that Pakistan has an excellent source to generate hydrogen energy through wind power stations. According to the outcomes, Nooriabad can produce 303.66 million RE/kWh per year through wind energy sources. According to the results, the rest of the seven wind generation sites also can generate enough hydrogen energy. This study also concluded that hydrogen energy has enough sources to meet the demand for light-duty vehicles in Pakistan.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Acar C, Dincer I (2014) Comparative assessment of hydrogen production methods from renewable and non-renewable sources. Int J Hydrog Energy 39:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2013.10.060
Adnan S, Ullah K, Shuanglin L, Gao S, Khan AH, Mahmood R (2018) Comparison of various drought indices to monitor drought status in Pakistan. Clim Dyn 51:1885–1899. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3987-0
Aized T, Shahid M, Bhatti AA, Saleem M, Anandarajah G (2018) Energy security and renewable energy policy analysis of Pakistan. Renew Sust Energ Rev 84:155–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.254
Akdağ SA, Güler Ö (2018) Alternative moment method for wind energy potential and turbine energy output estimation. Renew Energy 120:69–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RENENE.2017.12.072
Alavi O, Mostafaeipour A, Qolipour M (2016) Analysis of hydrogen production from wind energy in the southeast of Iran. Int J Hydrog Energy 41:15158–15171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.092
Ali Y, Butt M, Sabir M et al (2018) Selection of suitable site in Pakistan for wind power plant installation using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). J Control Decis 5:117–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/23307706.2017.1346490
Al-Sharafi A, Sahin AZ, Ayar T, Yilbas BS (2017) Techno-economic analysis and optimization of solar and wind energy systems for power generation and hydrogen production in Saudi Arabia. Renew Sust Energ Rev 69:33–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.157
Anser MK, Mohsin M, Abbas Q, Chaudhry IS (2020) Assessing the integration of solar power projects: SWOT-based AHP–F-TOPSIS case study of Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:31737–31749. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09092-6
Asbahi AAMH Al, Gang FZ, Iqbal W, et al (2019) Novel approach of principal component analysis method to assess the national energy performance via Energy Trilemma Index. Energy Rep 5:704–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.06.009
Ashrafi ZN, Ghasemian M, Shahrestani MI, Khodabandeh E, Sedaghat A (2018) Evaluation of hydrogen production from harvesting wind energy at high altitudes in Iran by three extrapolating Weibull methods. Int J Hydrog Energy 43:3110–3132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.12.154
Baloch ZA, Tan Q, Iqbal N, Mohsin M, Abbas Q, Iqbal W, Chaudhry IS (2020) Trilemma assessment of energy intensity, efficiency, and environmental index: evidence from BRICS countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:34337–34347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09578-3
Bangalore P, Patriksson M (2018) Analysis of SCADA data for early fault detection, with application to the maintenance management of wind turbines. Renew Energy 115:521–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RENENE.2017.08.073
Boudries R (2018) Techno-economic study of hydrogen production using CSP technology. Int J Hydrog Energy 43:3406–3417. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2017.05.157
Catapano F, Di Iorio S, Sementa P, Vaglieco BM (2016) Analysis of energy efficiency of methane and hydrogen-methane blends in a PFI/DI SI research engine. Energy 117:378–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.06.043
Chi J, Yu H (2018) Water electrolysis based on renewable energy for hydrogen production. Chin J Catal 39:390–394
Dabbaghiyan A, Fazelpour F, Abnavi MD, Rosen MA (2016) Evaluation of wind energy potential in province of Bushehr, Iran. Renew Sust Energ Rev 55:455–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2015.10.148
Dixon C, Reynolds S, Rodley D (2016) Micro/small wind turbine power control for electrolysis applications. Renew Energy 87:182–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.09.055
Dolter B, Rivers N (2018) The cost of decarbonizing the Canadian electricity system. Energy Policy 113:135–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.10.040
Dufour J, Serrano DP, Gálvez JL et al (2009) Life cycle assessment of processes for hydrogen production. Environmental feasibility and reduction of greenhouse gases emissions. Int J Hydrog Energy 34:1370–1376. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2008.11.053
Enevoldsen P, Valentine SV, Sovacool BK (2018) Insights into wind sites: critically assessing the innovation, cost, and performance dynamics of global wind energy development. Energy Policy 120:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.05.022
Fazelpour F, Markarian E, Soltani N (2017) Wind energy potential and economic assessment of four locations in Sistan and Baluchestan province in Iran. Renew Energy 109:646–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RENENE.2017.03.072
Gandía LM, Oroz R, Ursúa A et al (2007) Renewable hydrogen production: performance of an alkaline water electrolyzer working under emulated wind conditions. https://doi.org/10.1021/EF060491U
Gondal IA, Masood SA, Khan R (2018) Green hydrogen production potential for developing a hydrogen economy in Pakistan. Int J Hydrog Energy 43:6011–6039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.01.113
He W, Abbas Q, Alharthi M, Mohsin M, Hanif I, Vinh Vo X, Taghizadeh-Hesary F (2020) Integration of renewable hydrogen in light-duty vehicle: nexus between energy security and low carbon emission resources. Int J Hydrog Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.06.177
Higuita Cano M, Agbossou K, Kelouwani S, Dubé Y (2017) Experimental evaluation of a power management system for a hybrid renewable energy system with hydrogen production. Renew Energy 113:1086–1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RENENE.2017.06.066
International Energy Agency (IEA) (2015) Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (PVPS)
Iqbal W, Fatima A, Yumei H, Abbas Q, Iram R (2020) Oil supply risk and affecting parameters associated with oil supplementation and disruption. J Clean Prod 255:120187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120187
Iram R, Zhang J, Erdogan S, Abbas Q, Mohsin M (2019) Economics of energy and environmental efficiency: evidence from OECD countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:3858–3870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07020-x
Jayaraman R, Colapinto C, La Torre D, Malik T (2017) A weighted goal programming model for planning sustainable development applied to Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. Appl Energy 185:1931–1939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.04.065
Justus CG, Hargraves WR, Mikhail A, Graber D (1978) Methods for estimating wind speed frequency distributions. J Appl Meteorol 17:350–353. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1978)017<0350:MFEWSF>2.0.CO;2
Lai CS, McCulloch MD (2017) Levelized cost of electricity for solar photovoltaic and electrical energy storage. Appl Energy 190:191–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2016.12.153
Le TH, Chang Y (2015) Effects of oil price shocks on the stock market performance: do nature of shocks and economies matter? Energy Econ 51:261–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.06.019
Martín M (2016) RePSIM metric for design of sustainable renewable based fuel and power production processes. Energy 114:833–845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.031
Mohsin M, Rasheed AK, Saidur R (2018a) Economic viability and production capacity of wind generated renewable hydrogen. Int J Hydrog Energy 43:2621–2630
Mohsin M, Zhou P, Iqbal N, Shah SAA (2018b) Assessing oil supply security of South Asia. Energy 155:438–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.04.116
Mohsin M, Abbas Q, Zhang J, Ikram M, Iqbal N (2019a) Integrated effect of energy consumption, economic development, and population growth on CO2 based environmental degradation: a case of transport sector. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:32824–32835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06372-8
Mohsin M, Rasheed AK, Sun H, Zhang J, Iram R, Iqbal N, Abbas Q (2019b) Developing low carbon economies: an aggregated composite index based on carbon emissions. Sustain Energy Technol Assessments 35:365–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2019.08.003
Mohsin M, Zhang J, Saidur R, Sun H, Sait SM (2019c) Economic assessment and ranking of wind power potential using fuzzy-TOPSIS approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:22494–22511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05564-6
Mohsin M, Nurunnabi M, Zhang J, Sun H, Iqbal N, Iram R, Abbas Q (2020a) The evaluation of efficiency and value addition of IFRS endorsement towards earnings timeliness disclosure. Int J Financ Econ. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1878
Mohsin M, Taghizadeh-Hesary F, Panthamit N, Anwar S, Abbas Q, Vo XV (2020b) Developing low carbon finance index: evidence from developed and developing economies. Financ Res Lett:101520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2020.101520
Nabgan W, Tuan Abdullah TA, Mat R, Nabgan B, Gambo Y, Ibrahim M, Ahmad A, Jalil AA, Triwahyono S, Saeh I (2017) Renewable hydrogen production from bio-oil derivative via catalytic steam reforming: an overview. Renew Sust Energ Rev 79:347–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.069
Pelaez-Samaniego MR, Riveros-Godoy G, Torres-Contreras S, Garcia-Perez T, Albornoz-Vintimilla E (2014) Production and use of electrolytic hydrogen in Ecuador towards a low carbon economy. Energy 64:626–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.11.012
Pulido-Fernández JI, Cárdenas-García PJ, Espinosa-Pulido JA (2019) Does environmental sustainability contribute to tourism growth? An analysis at the country level. J Clean Prod 213:309–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.151
Rauf O, Wang S, Yuan P, Tan J (2015) An overview of energy status and development in Pakistan. Renew Sust Energ Rev 48:892–931
Rodionova MV, Poudyal RS, Tiwari I, Voloshin RA, Zharmukhamedov SK, Nam HG, Zayadan BK, Bruce BD, Hou HJM, Allakhverdiev SI (2017) Biofuel production: challenges and opportunities. Int J Hydrogen Energy 42:8450–8461
Safari F, Javani N, Yumurtaci Z (2018) Hydrogen production via supercritical water gasification of almond shell over algal and agricultural hydrochars as catalysts. Int J Hydrog Energy 43:1071–1080. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2017.05.102
Samsatli S, Samsatli NJ (2019) The role of renewable hydrogen and inter-seasonal storage in decarbonising heat – comprehensive optimisation of future renewable energy value chains. Appl Energy 233–234:854–893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.159
Sempreviva AM, Barthelmie RJ, Pryor SC (2008) Review of methodologies for offshore wind resource assessment in European seas. Surv Geophys 29:471–497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-008-9050-2
Shafique M, van der Meijde M, Khan MA (2016) A review of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake-induced landslides; from a remote sensing prospective. J Asian Earth Sci 118:68–80
Shami SH, Ahmad J, Zafar R, Haris M, Bashir S (2016) Evaluating wind energy potential in Pakistan’s three provinces, with proposal for integration into national power grid. Renew Sust Energ Rev 53:408–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.052
Shuit SH, Tan KT, Lee KT, Kamaruddin AH (2009) Oil palm biomass as a sustainable energy source: a Malaysian case study. Energy 34:1225–1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2009.05.008
St. Pé A, Sperling M, Brodie JF, Delgado R (2018) Classifying rotor-layer wind to reduce offshore available power uncertainty. Wind Energy 21:461–473. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2159
Sun Z, Chen S, Hu J, Chen A, Rony AH, Russell CK, Xiang W, Fan M, Darby Dyar M, Dklute EC (2018) Ca2Fe2O5: A promising oxygen carrier for CO/CH4 conversion and almost-pure H2production with inherent CO2capture over a two-step chemical looping hydrogen generation process. Appl Energy 211:431–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.11.005
Sun HP, Tariq G, Haris M, Mohsin M (2019) Evaluating the environmental effects of economic openness: evidence from SAARC countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:24542–24551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05750-6
Sun H, Mohsin M, Alharthi M, Abbas Q (2020a) Measuring environmental sustainability performance of South Asia. J Clean Prod 251:119519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119519
Sun H, Pofoura AK, Adjei Mensah I, Li L, Mohsin M (2020b) The role of environmental entrepreneurship for sustainable development: evidence from 35 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sci Total Environ 741:140132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140132
Sun L, Cao X, Alharthi M, Zhang J, Taghizadeh-Hesary F, Mohsin M (2020c) Carbon emission transfer strategies in supply chain with lag time of emission reduction technologies and low-carbon preference of consumers. J Clean Prod 264:121664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121664
Sun L, Qin L, Taghizadeh-Hesary F, Zhang J, Mohsin M, Chaudhry IS (2020d) Analyzing carbon emission transfer network structure among provinces in China: new evidence from social network analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:23281–23300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08911-0
U.S. Energy Information Administration (2015) Levelized cost and levelized avoided cost of new generation resources in the Annual Energy Outlook 2015
Uusitalo V, Väisänen S, Inkeri E, Soukka R (2017) Potential for greenhouse gas emission reductions using surplus electricity in hydrogen, methane and methanol production via electrolysis. Energy Convers Manag 134:125–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENCONMAN.2016.12.031
Uyar TS, Beşikci D (2017) Integration of hydrogen energy systems into renewable energy systems for better design of 100% renewable energy communities. Int J Hydrog Energy 42:2453–2456. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2016.09.086
Valasai GD, Uqaili MA, Memon HUR et al (2017) Overcoming electricity crisis in Pakistan: a review of sustainable electricity options. Renew Sust Energ Rev 72:734–745
Voormolen JA, Junginger HM, van Sark WGJHM (2016) Unravelling historical cost developments of offshore wind energy in Europe. Energy Policy 88:435–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.10.047
Wiser R (2012) Recent developments in the levelized cost of energy from U.S. wind power projects
Funding
This work is financially supported by Chongqing College of Electronic Engineering, Automobile Technology R&D and Service Center.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
This research paper is contributed by the abovementioned authors in the following way: the conceptualization is done by Qaiser Abbas and Jingyi Liu; the methodology is formed by Muhammad Mohsin; software and validation and formal analysis are performed by Farhat Rasul; investigation, resources, and data curation are performed by Nadeem Iqbal; writing—original draft preparation is done by Qaiser Abbas and Jingyi Liu; writing—review and editing, visualization, and supervision is done by Majed Alharthi.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publish
Not applicable.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, J., Abbas, Q., Alharthi, M. et al. Managerial policy and economic analysis of wind-generated renewable hydrogen for light-duty vehicles: Green solution of energy crises. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 10642–10653 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11018-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11018-1