Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Dose–response analysis of potassium bromate–induced toxicity in Allium cepa L. meristematic cells

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, the toxic effects of potassium bromate (KBrO3) were tested on Allium cepa L. meristematic cells. In order to determine the toxic effect and dose relationship, KBrO3 toxicity was investigated at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/L. The toxic effects were evaluated by using cytogenetic, biochemical, anatomical, and physiological parameters, and serious damages were observed depending on the dose. Significant reductions in germination percentage, weight gain, and radicle length were observed in all KBrO3-treated groups compared with the control. Mitotic activity decreased in meristematic cells after KBrO3 application. and mitotic index was decreased by 1.8 times in 100 mg/L KBrO3-treated group compared with the control group. The frequencies of micronucleus and chromosomal abnormalities tested as cytogenetic parameters were significantly higher in the group treated with 100 mg/L KBrO3 than those in the control group. Fragment and sticky chromosome were the most common types of chromosomal abnormalities. Lipid peroxidation measured in terms of MDA content increased with increasing doses of KBrO3. The activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase as antioxidant enzymes were importantly changed in KBrO3-treated groups. Anatomical changes such as cell deformation, substance accumulation, cell wall thickening, and flattened nucleus were determined after KBrO3 application, and it was observed that these changes reached a maximum level at 100 mg/L dose of KBrO3. As a result, KBrO3 treatments were been found to cause physiological, biochemical, cytogenetic, and anatomically toxic effects in meristematic cells of A. cepa, a eukaryotic model organism. The versatile toxicity induced by KBrO3 increased depending on the dose and reached a maximum level at 100 mg/L.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

8-OHdG:

8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine

BW:

Body weight

CAs:

Chromosomal aberrations

CAT:

Catalase

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

FW:

Fresh weight

GP:

Germination percentage

KBrO3 :

Potassium bromate

MN:

Micronucleus

MI:

Mitotic index

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

References

  • Ahlborn GJ, Delker DA, Roop BC, Geter DR, Allen JW, DeAngelo AB, Winnik WM (2009) Early alterations in protein and gene expression in rat kidney following bromate exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 47:1154–1160

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akgündüz MÇ, Çavuşoğlu K, Yalçın E (2020) The potential risk assessment of phenoxyethanol with a versatile model system. Sci Rep 10:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alli AL, Nwegbu MM, Inyang BI, Nwachukwu KC, Ogedengbe JO, Onaadepo O, Jamda MA, Akıntan GA, Okoye IS, Onifade AE (2013) Assessment of bread safety: determination of potassium bromate in selected bread samples in Gwagwalada, Abuja. Int J Health Nutr 4:15–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Alomirah HF, Al-Zenki SF, Alaswad MC, Alruwaih NA, Wu Q, Kannan K (2020) Elevated concentrations of bromate in drinking water and groundwater from Kuwait and associated exposure and health risks. Environ Res 181:108885

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beauchamp C, Fridovich I (1971) Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Anal Biochem 44:276–287

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beers RF, Sizer IW (1952) Colorimetric method for estimation of catalase. J Biol Chem 195:133–139

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belete T (2018) Defense mechanisms of plants to insect pests: from morphological to biochemical approach. Trends Tech Sci Res 2:555–584

    Google Scholar 

  • Budavari S, O’Neil MJ, Smith A, Heckelman PE (1989) The merck index, 11: 2330–2331. Merck, Rahway

    Google Scholar 

  • Cajigal RM, Somera LA (1999) Micronucleus test of varying amounts of potassium bromate (KBrO3) on the meristematic cells of Allium cepa var. aggregatum root tips. An undergraduate thesis presented to the Department of Biology College of Arts and Sciences University of the Philippines Manila

  • Çavuşoğlu D (2019) Physiological and cytogenetical effects of L tyrosine in Allium cepa L exposed to NaCl stress. Fresenius Environ Bull 28:9753–9759

    Google Scholar 

  • Çavuşoğlu D, Çavuşoğlu K, Tabur S (2018) The effects of Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seed extract on the seed germination, seedling growth, mitotic activity and chromosomal aberrations of Allium cepa L. under saline condition. ARPN JABS 13:50–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Çavuşoğlu K, Kurt D, Yalçın E (2020) A versatile model for investigating the protective effects of Ceratonia siliqua pod extract against 1,4-dioxane toxicity. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08545-2

  • Chemical Information Services (CIS) (1995) Directory of World Chemical Producers 1995/96 Standard Edition, p. 587, Dallas

  • Cuypers A, Plusquin M, Remans T, Jozefczak M, Keunen E, Gielen H, Opdenakker K, Nair AR, Munters E, Artois TJ, Nawrot T, Vangronsveld J, Smetts K (2010) Cadmium stress: an oxidative challenge. Biometals 23:927–940

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl KN, Ribeiro AJ, Lammerding J (2008) Nuclear shape, mechanics, and mechanotransduction. Circ Res 102:1307–1318

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dauer WT, Worman HJ (2009) The nuclear envelope as a signaling node in development and disease. Dev Cell 17:626–638

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elhalim RO (2006) Biochemical effect of potassium bromate on wistar albino rats. M.Sc of Biochemistry thesis. Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Khartoum. p. 17–20

  • Firbas P, Amon T (2014) Chromosome damage studies in the onion plant Allium cepa L. Caryologia 67:25–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flury M, Papritz A (1993) Bromide in natural environment: occurrence and toxicity. J Environ Qual 22:747–758

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan I, Husain FM, Khan RA, Ebaid H, Al-Tamimi J, Alhazza IM, Aman S, Ibrahim KE (2019) Ameliorative effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles against potassium bromate-mediated toxicity in Swiss albino rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:9966–9980

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoda AK, Nagat SE, Eissa S (2020) Genotoxicity assessment of potassium bromate by means of DNA image analysis on the root tip nuclei of Allium sativum L. Biotech J Int 24:9–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishidate M J, Yoshikawa K, Sofuni T (1982) Studies on the mutagenicity of potassium bromate and other oxidizing chemicals. In:Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Japanese Cancer Association

  • Ishidate MJ, Sofuni T, Yoshikawa K, Hayashi M, Nohmi T, Sawada M, Matsuoka A (1984) Primary mutagenicity screening of food additives currently used in Japan. Food Chem Toxicol 22:623–636

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalefetoğlu Macar T, Macar O, Yalçın E, Çavusoglu K (2020) Resveratrol ameliorates the physiological, biochemical, cytogenetic, and anatomical toxicities induced by copper(II) chloride exposure in Allium cepa L. ESPR 27:657–667

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan N, Sultana S (2004) Abrogation of potassium bromate-induced renal oxidative stress and subsequent cell proliferation response by soy isoflavones in Wistar rats. Toxicol 201:173–184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar SB, Dada R, Gupta NP (2018) Environmental toxicants–induced male reproductive toxicity: role of oxidative stress. In Bioenvironmental issues affecting men’s reproductive and sexual health, p. 305-322, Academic Press

  • Lee YS, Choi JY, Park MK, Choi EM, Kasai H, Chung MH (1996) Induction of OH8Gua glycosylase in rat kidneys by potassium bromate (KBrO3), a renal oxidativecarcinogen. Mutat Res 364:227–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Shi M, Ma B, Zheng Y, Niu R, Li K (2017) Protective effects of fraction 4a of polysaccharides isolated from Lycium barbarum against KBrO3-induced renal damage in rats. Food Funct 8:2566–2572

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macar O, Macar TK, Çavusoglu K, Yalçın E (2020) Protective effects of anthocyanin-rich bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) extract against copper (II) chloride toxicity. ESPR 27(2):1428–1435

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Møller IM, Jensen PE, Hansson A (2007) Oxidative modifications to cellular components in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 58:459–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nawrot TS, Van Hecke E, Thijs L, Richart T, Kuznetsova T, Jin Y, Vangronsveld J, Roels HA, Staessen JA (2008) Cadmium-related mortality and long-term secular trends in the cadmium body burden of an environmentally exposed population. Environ Health Perspect 116:1620–1628

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ocak N, Cavusoglu K, Yalcin E (2018) Investigation of toxic effects of chromium (K2Cr2O7) in Allium cepa L. Gaziosmanpasa J Sci Res 7:146–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Ooms N, Delcour JA (2019) How to impact gluten protein network formation during wheat flour dough making. Curr Opin Food Sci 25:88–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Opara JK, Akpuaka FC, Ndukwe GU (2018) The effect of ethanolic extract of tridax procumbens on potassium bromate ınduced toxicity in the kidney of wistar rats. AJRPSB 5:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Özkara A, Akyıl D, Eren Y, Erdoğmuş SF (2015) Potential cytotoxic effect of Anilofos by using Allium cepa assay. Cytotechnology 67:783–791

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poul JM, Huet S, Godard T, Sanders P (2004) Lack of genotoxicity of potassium iodate in the alkaline comet assay and in the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test. Comparison to potassium bromate. Food Chem Toxicol 42:203–209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Praveen A, Gupta M (2018) Nitric oxide confronts arsenic stimulated oxidative stress and root architecture through distinct gene expression of auxin transporters,nutrient related genes and modulates biochemical responses in Oryza sativa L. Environ Pollut 240:950–962

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Şahin O, Taskin MB, Kadioglu YK, Inal A, Gunes A, Pilbeam DJ (2012) Influence of chloride and bromate interaction on oxidative stress in carrot plants. Sci Hortic 137:81–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sai K, Takagi A, Umemura T, Hasegawa R, Kurokawa Y (1991) Relation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine formation in rat kidney to lipid peroxidation, glutathione level and relative organ weight after a single administration of potassium bromate. Jpn J Cancer Res 82:165–169

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shanmugavel V, Santhi KK, Kurup AH, Kalakandan SK, Anandharaj A, Rawson A (2019) Potassium bromate: effects on bread components, health, environment and method of analysis: a review. Food Chem 311:125964

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma P, Jha AB, Dubey RS, Pessarakli M (2012) Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions. Aust J Bot 217037:26

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh D, Pal M, Singh R, Singh CK, Chaturvedi AK (2015) Physiological and biochemical characteristics of Vigna species for Al stress tolerance. Acta Physiol Plant 37:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unyayar S, Celik A, Cekic FO, Gozel A (2006) Cadmium-induced genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation in Allium sativum and Vicia faba. Mutagenesis 21:77–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yalçın E, Uzun A, Çavuşoğlu K (2019) In vivo epiclorohidrine toxicity: cytogenetic, biochemical, physiological, and anatomical evidences. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:22400–22406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng CQ, Liu WX, Hao JY, Fan DN, Chen LM, Xu HN, Li KZ (2019) Measuring the expression and activity of the CAT enzyme to determine Al resistance in soybean. Plant Physiol Biochem 144:254–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, University of Giresun, Giresun, Turkey

    Gökçe Öztürk, Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu & Emine Yalçın

Authors
  1. Gökçe Öztürk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Emine Yalçın
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Öztürk, G., Çavuşoğlu, K. & Yalçın, E. Dose–response analysis of potassium bromate–induced toxicity in Allium cepa L. meristematic cells. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 43312–43321 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10294-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10294-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation