Abstract
Urban Heat Island (UHI) is related to the theory of higher atmosphere and surface temperature taking place in the city area as compared to the nearby rural areas. The study results explain the advantages of green spaces in urban areas. Landsat TM/OLI concept of 1998 and 2017 years was attained from USGS for this work. To find out the land-use and land cover pattern supervised classification, the maximum prospect process is adopted. A total of four classes were mapped for the study area which includes built-up, barren land, vegetation, and water bodies. Effective sensor brightness temperature has been acquired from spectral radiance by using Plank’s reverse function. On the basis of surface emissivity, Normalize Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) classes are used to find out the ultimate temperature of the land surface (LST). The maximum temperature was recorded in the built-up area and barren land of the city and minimum temperatures were noted in areas with a greater cover of vegetation. The presence of UHI temperature is obvious from the land surface temperature views. An increase of 2 °C in surface temperature is recorded in district Lahore during the last two decades. Rise of 2.2 °C and 2.4 °C surface temperature has taken place in Faisalabad and Multan Districts in the last 19 years, respectively. In the establishment of a correlation among the LST, built-up, and vegetation, there is a positive sign present in their relation. With the increase in the built-up area, LST does increase as well. Moreover, with the reduction in vegetation cover, the LST is also raised. The study has revealed that there is a need for proper planning for the durable management of urbanization.
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Acknowledgments
The authors appreciate the Pakistan Metrological Department for their provision of the temperature data. Also, they are grateful to Sami Ullah Khan, Danish Raza, Muhammad Arshad for their constructive comments.
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Saleem, M.S., Ahmad, S.R., Shafiq-Ur-Rehman et al. Impact assessment of urban development patterns on land surface temperature by using remote sensing techniques: a case study of Lahore, Faisalabad and Multan district. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 39865–39878 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10050-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10050-5