Abstract
The performance of single slope solar still with an enhanced condenser at different saline water mediums in the basin is studied and assessed based on productivity, energy, exergy, economic, and enviroeconomic methodologies. Six solar still configurations are considered: conventional solar still (CSS); modified solar still (MSS) which is a still with heat sink condenser; MSS having an umbrella (MSS + U); MSS with forced-air cooling (MSS + FA); MSS with forced-water cooling (MSS + FW); and finally, MSS with forced-water cooling and contains sand in the basin (MSS + FW + SD). Experiments are conducted under hot and cold climate conditions of Sohag city, Egypt. The results indicate that the MSS + FW + SD has a maximum daily yield of 5.37 kg/m2 in summer and 2.74 kg/m2 in winter with an increase of 36% in summer and 26% in winter compared with CSS. It was found that the maximum increase of the energy and exergy efficiency compared with CSS is achieved in the case of MSS + FW + SD of 39% and 33%, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum and minimum cost of freshwater is achieved in cases of MSS + U and MSS + FW + SD, respectively. Finally, among all studied systems, MSS + FW + SD achieves the best performance based on the exergoeconomic approach.
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Abbreviations
- A b :
-
Area of basin (m2)
- AMC:
-
Maintenance cost per year ($)
- ASV:
-
Annual salvage value ($)
- CPL:
-
Cost per liter ($/L/m2)
- CRF:
-
Capital recovery factor (fraction)
- E in :
-
Embodied energy (kWh).
- EPBTen :
-
Energy payback time based on energy streams (year)
- EPBTex :
-
Energy payback time based on exergy streams (year)
- EPFen :
-
Energy production factor based on energy streams (fraction)
- EPFex :
-
Energy production factor based on exergy streams (fraction)
- E x :
-
Inlet daily exergy (kWh)
- FAC:
-
First annual cost ($)
- \( \dot{I} \) t :
-
Total solar radiation falling on the solar still (W/m2)
- i :
-
Rate of interest (%)
- m ew :
-
Freshwater productivity (kg/m2)
- P :
-
Capital cost of solar still ($)
- P pcm :
-
Cost of the PCM ($)
- P s :
-
Net present cost of solar still ($)
- P n :
-
Average annual distilled waterproduction (kg/m2)
- R g,ex :
-
Exergoeconomic parameter (kWh/$)
- S :
-
Salvage value of the solar still ($)
- SSF:
-
Sinking fund factor for solar still (fraction)
- T amb :
-
Ambient temperature (K)
- T s :
-
Sun temperature (K)
- T w :
-
Saline water temperature (K)
- UAC:
-
Uniform annual cost ($)
- Z co2 :
-
Enviroeconomic parameter ($)
- Z ex,co2 :
-
Exergoenviroeconomic parameter ($)
- z co2 :
-
International carbon price ($)
- ϕco2 :
-
Environmental parameter (ton CO2)
- ϕex, co2 :
-
Exergoenvironmental parameter (ton CO2)
- λ fg :
-
Latent heat of evaporation of water (J/kg)
- η th :
-
Daily energy efficiency of the solar still
- η ex :
-
Daily exergy efficiency of the solar still
- amb:
-
Ambient
- b:
-
Basin
- d:
-
Daily
- dest:
-
Destruction
- s:
-
Sun
- en:
-
Energy
- ex:
-
Exergy
- evap:
-
Evaporation
- g:
-
Glass
- w:
-
Water
- in:
-
Inlet
- out:
-
Outlet
- t :
-
Total
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Hassan, H., Yousef, M.S., Ahmed, M.S. et al. Energy, exergy, environmental, and economic analysis of natural and forced cooling of solar still with porous media. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 38221–38240 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09995-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09995-4