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Enrichment and purification of red pigments from defective mulberry fruits using biotransformation in a liquid-liquid-solid three-phase system

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Abstract

A large number of defective mulberries are discarded each year because mulberries are easy to break. The red pigments from defective mulberries are recognized as the sustainable sources of anthocyanins extracted from nature. Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside are the main components of mulberry red pigments, accounting for 50% and 40% of the total, respectively. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside exhibits anticancer, hypoglycemic, and liver and visceral protection properties. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside can be prepared by enzymatically hydrolyzing the rhamnosidase bond of cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside. To obtain mulberry red pigment with a high purity of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, immobilized α-L-rhamnosidase was added to the aqueous two-phase system to construct a liquid-liquid-solid three-phase enzyme catalytic system. After optimization, the three-phase system was composed of 27.12% (w/w) ethanol, 18.10% (w/w) ammonium sulfate, 15% (w/w) mulberry juice, 4.24% (w/w) immobilized α-L-rhamnosidase, and 35.54% (w/w) pure water. The three-phase system was employed to enrich and purify cyanidin-3-O-glucoside at pH 5 and 45 °C for 1 h. The purity of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside was increased from 40 to 82.42% with cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside conversion of 60.68%. The immobilized α-L-rhamnosidase could be reused seven times, maintaining a relative activity of over 50%. Overall, the developed system provided an efficient and simple approach for high purity mulberry red pigment production and recycling in the field of sustainable agriculture.

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Funding

This study was financially supported by Zhenjiang Science & Technology Program (Grant No. NY2017010), 333 High-level Talent Training Project of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BRA2019281), and Shenlan Young scholars program of Jiangsu University of Science and Technology (Year 2015).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China

    Xue-Jiao Zhou, Chang-Tong Zhu, Lu-Yue Zhang, Shuai You, Fu-An Wu & Jun Wang

  2. Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China

    Shuai You, Fu-An Wu & Jun Wang

Authors
  1. Xue-Jiao Zhou
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  2. Chang-Tong Zhu
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  3. Lu-Yue Zhang
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  4. Shuai You
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  5. Fu-An Wu
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  6. Jun Wang
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Correspondence to Jun Wang.

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Zhou, XJ., Zhu, CT., Zhang, LY. et al. Enrichment and purification of red pigments from defective mulberry fruits using biotransformation in a liquid-liquid-solid three-phase system. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 24432–24440 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08731-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08731-2

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