Abstract
Lake Hamana is a semi-enclosed brackish lake amid agricultural and residential land. Monthly vertical profiles of nutrients, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN) at twelve sampling stations in the lake were obtained from 1995 to 2016. Freshwater samples were also obtained from five stations in the river flowing into the lake. Significant decreases were seen in phosphate, TP, and TN concentrations at most lake and all river stations. Decrease in phosphate concentration reflects reduced organic matter and nutrient load into the lake due to increased sewage coverage. Nitrate concentration significantly increased at four stations, whereas ammonium and TN concentrations significantly decreased. This could be due to inefficient nitrification/denitrification of wastewater. At all stations, the nitrogen to phosphate ratio in surface water was higher than 16 and increased significantly. Therefore, phosphate limitation could be strengthened by the decrease in phosphate and increase in nitrate concentrations in the lake.
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Acknowledgments
We thank the scientists and captain on board the R/V Hamana and acknowledge the members of the Shizuoka Fisheries Experimental Station Hamanako Branch and Shizuoka Institute of Environment and Hygiene for the sample measurement. We also thank Shino Yamauchi for making the original drawing of Fig. 9. We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing.
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This study was supported by the River Fund of The River Foundation, Japan.
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Kubo, A., Imaizumi, R. & Yamauchi, S. Lake water phosphate reduction with advanced wastewater treatment in watershed, at Lake Hamana, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, from 1995 to 2016. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 2120–2130 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06947-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06947-5