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Evaluation of groundwater hardness removal using activated clinoptilolite

  • Resource Recovery from Wastewater, Solid Waste and Waste Gas: Engineering and Management Aspects
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Abstract

Current study aimed to investigate modified natural clinoptilolite for removal of calcium and magnesium from the groundwater. Feasibility of clinoptilolite for groundwater hardness removal in production and operation was verified by static adsorption experiment and the experiment of fixed bed and degasification column. Subsequently, the main parameters for groundwater treatment using clinoptilolite were also explored. Results show that in the process of clinoptilolite in adsorption is dominant reaction process. The adsorption equilibrium time was unchanged when the hardness of raw water changes from 450 to 550 mg/L. With respect to comparative analysis of price and performance, NaCl found to be the most suitable clinoptilolite regenerated agent. The adsorption efficiency was high when the residence time was 20–25 min in the pilot experiments. The reaction mechanism was mainly substitution reaction according to ion equilibrium, and the treatment capacity of the degasifier combined with the fixed bed was 20% higher than that of with only fixed bed.

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Funding

This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFC0809904).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China

    Weixing Liu, Rajendra Prasad Singh & Dafang Fu

  2. Southeast University-Monash Joint Research Centre for Future Cities, Nanjing, 211189, China

    Weixing Liu, Rajendra Prasad Singh & Dafang Fu

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  1. Weixing Liu
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  2. Rajendra Prasad Singh
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  3. Saravanan Jothivel
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  4. Dafang Fu
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Correspondence to Dafang Fu.

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Liu, W., Singh, R.P., Jothivel, S. et al. Evaluation of groundwater hardness removal using activated clinoptilolite. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 17541–17549 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06193-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06193-9

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