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Surface ozone in the Doon Valley of the Himalayan foothills during spring

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Abstract

Elevated ozone (O3) pollution is observed every spring over the Northern Indian region including the Himalayan foothills, with a maximum typically in the month of May. However, studies investigating influences of photochemistry and dynamics in the valleys of Central Himalaya are limited. Here, in situ surface O3 observations conducted at Dehradun (77.99° E, 30.27° N, 600 m above mean sea level) in the Doon Valley during April–July 2018 are presented. These O3 observations reveal the prevalence of an urban environment over Dehradun with enhanced levels during noontime (66.4 ppbv ± 11.0 ppbv in May) and lower levels during night (26.7 ppbv ± 11.5 ppbv). Morning time O3 enhancement rate at Dehradun (7.5 ppbv h−1) is found to be comparable to that at Bode (7.3 ppbv h−1) in another valley of Himalayan foothills (Kathmandu), indicating stronger anthropogenic emissions in the Doon Valley as well. Daily average O3 at Dehradun varied in the range of 13.7–71.3 ppbv with hourly values reaching up to 103.1 ppbv during the study period. Besides the in situ photochemical O3 production, the entrainment of O3-rich air through boundary layer dynamics also contributes in noontime O3 enhancement in the Doon Valley. Monthly average O3 at Dehradun (49.3 ppbv ± 19.9 ppbv) is observed to be significantly higher than that over urban sites in Northern India (35–41 ppbv) and Bode (38.5 ppbv) in the Kathmandu Valley during May. O3 photochemical buildup, estimated to be 30.3 ppbv and 39.7 ppbv during April and May, respectively, is significantly lower in June (21.2 ppbv). Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) model simulations successfully reproduce the observed variability in noontime O3 at Dehradun (r = 0.86); however, absolute O3 levels were typically overestimated. The positive relationship between CAMS O3 and CO (r = 0.65) together with an O3/CO slope of 0.16 is attributed to the influences of biomass burning besides anthropogenic emissions on observed O3 variations in the Doon Valley. O3 observations show an enhancement by 35–56% at Dehradun during a high-fire activity period in May 2018 as compared to a low-fire activity period over the Northern Indian region in agreement with the enhancement found in CAMS O3 fields (10–65%) over the region in the vicinity of Dehradun.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS), Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS), and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the chemical (O3, CO) and meteorological datasets used in the study. Usage of rainfall data from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and fire locations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard Terra and Aqua spacecraft are acknowledged. The authors gratefully acknowledge the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for the provision of the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model (https://www.ready.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php) used in this publication. The use of the Ferret program, a product of NOAA’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, for the analysis and graphics in this paper is acknowledged. The HTAP v2 anthropogenic emissions were obtained from http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/htap_v2/index.php?SECURE=123. We gratefully acknowledge P G Anumod (SPL VSSC) for development of a data acquisition software for recording the ozone data. We are thankful to H. N. Nagaraja, L. M. S. Palni, Radhika Ramachandran, N. V. P. Kiran Kumar and Anil Bhardwaj for their support and fruitful discussions during the study. We thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Space and Atmospheric Sciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India

    Narendra Ojha

  2. Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India

    Imran Girach, Prabha Nair & Kandula Venkat Subrahmanyam

  3. Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India

    Kiran Sharma & Neetu Sharma

  4. Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences, Nainital, India

    Jaydeep Singh & Narendra Singh

  5. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK

    Johannes Flemming & Antje Inness

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  1. Narendra Ojha
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Correspondence to Narendra Ojha or Imran Girach.

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Ojha, N., Girach, I., Sharma, K. et al. Surface ozone in the Doon Valley of the Himalayan foothills during spring. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 19155–19170 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05085-2

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