Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Socio-economic and environmental factors influenced the United Nations healthcare sustainable agenda: evidence from a panel of selected Asian and African countries

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The objective of the study is to evaluate socio-economic and environmental factors that influenced the United Nations healthcare sustainable agenda in a panel of 21 Asian and African countries. The results show that changes in price level (0.0062, p < 0.000), life risks of maternal death (4.579, p < 0.000), and under-5 mortality rate (0.374, p < 0.000) substantially increases out-of-pocket health expenditures, while CO2 emissions (5.681, p < 0.003), prevalence of undernourishment (15.184, p < 0.000), PM2.5 particulate emission (1557, p < 0.000), unemployment, and private health expenditures (30.729, p < 0000) are associated with high mortality rate across countries. Healthcare reforms affected by low healthcare spending, unsustainable environment, and ease of environmental regulations that ultimately increases mortality rate across countries. The Granger causality estimates confirmed the different causal mechanisms between socio-economic and environmental factors, which is directly linked with the country’s healthcare agenda, i.e., the causality running from (i) CO2 emissions to life risks of maternal death and under-5 mortality rate, (ii) from depth of food deficit to incidence of tuberculosis and unemployment, (iii) from PM2.5 emissions to infant mortality rate, (iv) from foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows to PM2.5 emissions, (v) from trade openness to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and (vi) from mortality indicators to per capita income, while there is a feedback relationship between health expenditures and per capita income across countries. The variance decomposition analysis shows that (i) under-5 mortality rate will increase out-of-pocket health expenditures, (ii) unemployment rate will increase mortality indicators, and (iii) health expenditures will increase economic well-being in a panel of selected countries, for the next 10 years.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

CO2 emissions :

Caron dioxide emissions

PM2.5 :

Particulate emission 2.5 micrograms

FDI:

Foreign direct investment

GHG emissions:

Greenhouse gas emissions

MDGs:

Millennium development goals

DRATE:

Death rate

DFD:

Depth of food deficit

EME:

Energy associated methane emissions

HEXP:

Health expenditures

HEXPVT:

Private health expenditures

HEXPUB:

Public health expenditures

ISF:

Improved sanitation facility

IWS:

Improved water source

ITUB:

Incidence of tuberculosis

CPI:

Consumer price index

LRMD:

Lifetime risk of maternal death

MMR:

Maternal mortality ratio

MRF:

Female mortality ratio

MRM:

Male mortality ratio

IMR:

Infant mortality rate

NMR:

Neonatal mortality rate

MR5:

Under-5 mortality rate

NOX:

Nitrous oxide emissions

NMV:

Nurses and midwives

OPHEXP:

Out-of-pocket health expenditures

PHYS:

Physicians

PDEN:

Population density

PUN:

Prevalence of undernourishment

TOP:

Trade openness

UNEMP:

Unemployment rate

MSA:

Measures of sampling adequacy

References

  • Adler NE, Cutler DM, Jonathan JE, Galea S, Glymour M, Koh HK, Satcher D (2016) Addressing Social Determinants of Health and Health Disparities. Discussion Paper, Vital Directions for Health and Health Care Series. National Academy of Medicine, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad M, Ur Rahman Z, Hong L, Khan S, Khan Z, Naeem Khan M (2018) Impact of Environmental Quality Variables and Socio-Economic Factors on Human Health: Empirical Evidence from China. Pollution 4(4):571–579

    Google Scholar 

  • Akhmat G, Zaman K, Shukui T, Malik IA, Begum S, Ahmed A (2014) A contemporary landscape of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions leads to inevitable phenomena of low birthweight. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21(15):9408–9414

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aldakhil AM, Nassani AA, Abro MMQ, Zaman K (2018) Food-beverage-tobacco consumption, smoking prevalence, and high-technology exports influenced healthcare sustainability agenda across the globe. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, pp 1–15

  • Alrasheedy AA, Hassali MA, Aljadhey H, Ibrahim MIM, Al-Tamimi SK (2013) Is there a need for a formulary of clinically interchangeable medicines to guide generic substitution in Saudi Arabia? Journal of Young Pharmacists 5(2):73–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Wazaify M, Matowe L, Albsoul-Younes A, Al-Omran OA (2006) Pharmacy education in Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait. Am J Pharm Educ 70(1):18. https://doi.org/10.5688/aj700118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ang JB (2009) CO2 emissions, research and technology transfer in China. Ecol Econ 68(10):2658–2665

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apergis N (2018) The Impact of Greenhouse Gas Emissions on Personal Well-Being: Evidence from a Panel of 58 Countries and Aggregate and Regional Country Samples. J Happiness Stud 19(1):69–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apergis N, Jebli MB, Youssef SB (2018a) Does renewable energy consumption and health expenditures decrease carbon dioxide emissions? Evidence for sub-Saharan Africa countries. Renew Energy 127:1011–1016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apergis N, Gupta R, Lau CKM, Mukherjee Z (2018b) US state-level carbon dioxide emissions: Does it affect health care expenditure? Renew Sust Energ Rev 91:521–530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asadi-Lari M, Farshad AA, Assaei SE, Mahdavi MV, Akbari ME, Ameri A et al (2005) Applying a basic development needs approach for sustainable and integrated community development in less-developed areas: report of ongoing Iranian experience. Public Health 119(6):474–482

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Awan U, Kraslawski A, Huiskonen J (2018) Governing Interfirm Relationships for Social Sustainability: The Relationship between Governance Mechanisms, Sustainable Collaboration, and Cultural Intelligence. Sustainability 10(12):4473

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailis R, Ezzati M, Kammen DM (2005) Mortality and greenhouse gas impacts of biomass and petroleum energy futures in Africa. Science 308(5718):98–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhuiyan MA, Khan HUR, Zaman K, Hishan SS (2018) Measuring the impact of global tropospheric ozone, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide concentrations on biodiversity loss. Environ Res 160:398–411

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Billings J, Zeitel L, Lukomnik J, Carey TS, Blank AE, Newman L (1993) Impact of socioeconomic status on hospital use in New York City. Health Aff 12(1):162–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blaxter M (1983) Health services as a defence against the consequences of poverty in industrialised societies. Soc Sci Med 17(16):1139–1148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bloom DE, Canning D, Sevilla J (2004) The effect of health on economic growth: a production function approach. World Dev 32(1):1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohk C, Rau R (2016) Changing mortality patterns and their predictability: the case of the United States. In Dynamic demographic analysis. Springer, Cham, pp 69–89

  • Chemali, Z., Chahine, L. M., & Sibai, A. M. (2008). Older adult care in Lebanon: towards stronger and sustainable reforms. Online available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/117579 (Accessed on 26 Jan 2019).

  • Chen X, Shao S, Tian Z, Xie Z, Yin P (2017) Impacts of air pollution and its spatial spillover effect on public health based on China's big data sample. J Clean Prod 142:915–925

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi I (2001) Unit root tests for panel data. J Int Money Financ 20(2):249–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chongsuvivatwong V, Phua KH, Yap MT, Pocock NS, Hashim JH, Chhem R, Wilopo SA, Lopez AD (2011) Health and health-care systems in southeast Asia: diversity and transitions. Lancet 377(9763):429–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De-Graft Aikins A, Marks DF (2007) Health, disease and healthcare in Africa. J Health Psychol 12(3):387–402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dutton DJ, Forest PG, Kneebone RD, Zwicker JD (2018) Effect of provincial spending on social services and health care on health outcomes in Canada: an observational longitudinal study. Can Med Assoc J 190(3):E66–E71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelman RB, Tian L (2018) The health impacts of coal use in China. Int Geol Rev 60(5-6):579–589

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fonseca A, Abreu I, Guerreiro M, Abreu C, Silva R, Barros N (2019) Indoor Air Quality and Sustainability Management—Case Study in Three Portuguese Healthcare Units. Sustainability 11(1):101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fugiel A, Burchart-Korol D, Czaplicka-Kolarz K, Smoliński A (2017) Environmental impact and damage categories caused by air pollution emissions from mining and quarrying sectors of European countries. J Clean Prod 143:159–168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garchitorena A, Sokolow SH, Roche B, Ngonghala CN, Jocque M, Lund A et al (2017) Disease ecology, health and the environment: a framework to account for ecological and socio-economic drivers in the control of neglected tropical diseases. Philos Trans R Soc B 372(1722):20160128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerdtham UG, Jönsson B (1991) Price and quantity in international comparisons of health care expenditure. Appl Econ 23(9):1519–1528

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilson L (1997) The lessons of user fee experience in Africa. Health Policy Plan 12(3):273–285

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giskes K, van Lenthe F, Avendano-Pabon M, Brug J (2011) A systematic review of environmental factors and obesogenic dietary intakes among adults: are we getting closer to understanding obesogenic environments? Obes Rev 12(5):e95–e106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00769.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman GM, Krueger AB (1995) Economic growth and the environment. Q J Econ 110(2):353–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan SA, Zaman K, Zaman S, Shabir M (2014) Measuring health expenditures and outcomes in saarc region: health is a luxury? Qual Quant 48(3):1421–1437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hitiris T, Posnett J (1992) The determinants and effects of health expenditure in developed countries. J Health Econ 11(2):173–181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holliday I (2005) East Asian social policy in the wake of the financial crisis: farewell to productivism? Policy Polit 33(1):145–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holst J, Gericke CA (2012) Healthcare financing in Yemen. Int J Health Plann Manag 27(3):198–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Im KS, Pesaran MH, Shin Y (2003) Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. J Econ 115(1):53–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James WPT, Nelson M, Ralph A, Leather S (1997) Socioeconomic determinants of health: the contribution of nutrition to inequalities in health. Bmj 314(7093):1545–1549

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalemli-Ozcan S (2002) Does the mortality decline promote economic growth? J Econ Growth 7(4):411–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalemli-Ozcan S, Ryder HE, Weil DN (2000) Mortality decline, human capital investment, and economic growth. J Dev Econ 62(1):1–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kao C (1999) Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. J Econ 90(1):1–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keehan SP, Stone DA, Poisal JA, Cuckler GA, Sisko AM, Smith SD, Madison AJ, Wolfe CJ, Lizonitz JM (2017) National health expenditure projections, 2016–25: price increases, aging push sector to 20 percent of economy. Health Aff 36(3):553–563

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan MM, Zaman K, Irfan D, Awan U, Ali G, Kyophilavong P, Shahbaz M, Naseem I (2016) Triangular relationship among energy consumption, air pollution and water resources in Pakistan. J Clean Prod 112:1375–1385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan HUR, Nassani AA, Aldakhil AM, Abro MMQ, Islam T, Zaman K (2019) Pro-poor Growth and Sustainable Development Framework: Evidence from Two Step GMM Estimator. J Clean Prod 206:767–784

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lagomarsino G, Garabrant A, Adyas A, Muga R, Otoo N (2012) Moving towards universal health coverage: health insurance reforms in nine developing countries in Africa and Asia. Lancet 380(9845):933–943

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin A, Lin CF, Chu CSJ (2002) Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties. J Econ 108(1):1–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li XH, Liu JL, Gibson V, Zhu YG (2012) Urban sustainability and human health in China, East Asia and Southeast Asia. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 4(4):436–442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li L, Lei Y, Wu S, Chen J, Yan D (2017) The health economic loss of fine particulate matter (PM2. 5) in Beijing. J Clean Prod 161:1153–1161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li L, Lei Y, Wu S, Huang Z, Luo J, Wang Y, Chen J, Yan D (2018) Evaluation of future energy consumption on PM 2.5 emissions and public health economic loss in Beijing. J Clean Prod 187:1115–1128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linegar A, Shaw C, Whittaker S, Spieker N (2011) Quality standards for healthcare establishments in South Africa. South African Health Review 2011(1):59–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu ZN, Chen H, Hao Y, Wang J, Song X, Mok TM (2017) The dynamic relationship between environmental pollution, economic development and public health: evidence from China. J Clean Prod 166:134–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maddala GS, Wu S (1999) A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxf Bull Econ Stat 61(S1):631–652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marlier ME, DeFries RS, Voulgarakis A, Kinney PL, Randerson JT, Shindell DT, Chen Y, Faluvegi G (2013) El Niño and health risks from landscape fire emissions in southeast Asia. Nat Clim Chang 3(2):131–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marmot M (2007) Achieving health equity: from root causes to fair outcomes. Lancet 370(9593):1153–1163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matus K, Nam KM, Selin NE, Lamsal LN, Reilly JM, Paltsev S (2012) Health damages from air pollution in China. Glob Environ Chang 22(1):55–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mauzerall DL, Sultan B, Kim N, Bradford DF (2005) NOx emissions from large point sources: variability in ozone production, resulting health damages and economic costs. Atmos Environ 39(16):2851–2866

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McMichael AJ (2003) Global climate change and health: an old story writ large. Climate change and human health: Risks and responses. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • McMichael AJ, Powles JW, Butler CD, Uauy R (2007) Food, livestock production, energy, climate change, and health. Lancet 370(9594):1253–1263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menezes JA, Margonari C, Santos RB, Confalonieri U (2018) Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Human Health in Brazil. In Climate Change and Air Pollution. Springer, Cham, pp 375–403

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills E (2016) Identifying and reducing the health and safety impacts of fuel-based lighting. Energy for Sustainable Development 30:39–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minoglou M, Gerassimidou S, Komilis D (2017) Healthcare Waste Generation Worldwide and Its Dependence on Socio-Economic and Environmental Factors. Sustainability 9(2):220. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9020220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moosa, N., & Pham, H. N. (2018). The Effect of Environmental Degradation on the Financing of Healthcare. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, (just-accepted).

  • Narayan PK, Narayan S (2008) Does environmental quality influence health expenditures? Empirical evidence from a panel of selected OECD countries. Ecol Econ 65(2):367–374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nayak T, Chowdhury IR (2018) Health Damages from Air Pollution: Evidence from Open Cast Coal Mining Region of Odisha, India. Ecology 1(1):42–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Penn SL, Boone ST, Harvey BC, Heiger-Bernays W, Tripodis Y, Arunachalam S, Levy JI (2017) Modeling variability in air pollution-related health damages from individual airport emissions. Environ Res 156:791–800

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Preston SH (2007) The changing relation between mortality and level of economic development. Int J Epidemiol 36(3):484–490

  • Qureshi MI, Khan NU, Rasli AM, Zaman K (2015) The battle of health with environmental evils of Asian countries: promises to keep. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(15):11708–11715

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi MI, Awan U, Arshad Z, Rasli AM, Zaman K, Khan F (2016) Dynamic linkages among energy consumption, air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and agricultural production in Pakistan: sustainable agriculture key to policy success. Nat Hazards 84(1):367–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Resch S, Hecht R (2018) Transitioning financial responsibility for health programs from external donors to developing countries: Key issues and recommendations for policy and research. J Glob Health 8(1):010301. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.08.010301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts JT, Grimes PE (1997) Carbon intensity and economic development 1962-91: A brief exploration of the environmental Kuznets curve. World Dev 25(2):191–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabri B, Siddiqi S, Ahmed AM, Kakar FK, Perrot J (2007) Towards sustainable delivery of health services in Afghanistan: options for the future. Bull World Health Organ 85:712–718

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadik S, Abdulrahman S, Bradley M, Jenkins R (2011) Integrating mental health into primary health care in Iraq. Ment Health Fam Med 8(1):39–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Saida Z, Kais S (2018) Environmental pollution, Health expenditure and Economic growth and in the Sub-Saharan Africa countries: Panel ARDL approach. Sustain Cities Soc 41:833–840

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sakr D, Sena AA (2017) Cleaner production status in the Middle East and North Africa region with special focus on Egypt. J Clean Prod 141:1074–1086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scovronick N, Sera F, Acquaotta F, Garzena D, Fratianni S, Wright CY, Gasparrini A (2018) The association between ambient temperature and mortality in South Africa: A time-series analysis. Environ Res 161:229–235

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaikh BT, Hatcher J (2004) Health seeking behaviour and health service utilization in Pakistan: challenging the policy makers. J Public Health 27(1):49–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simsek Z, Koruk I, Doni NY (2012) An operational study on implementation of mobile primary healthcare services for seasonal migratory farmworkers, Turkey. Matern Child Health J 16(9):1906–1912

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith KR, Jerrett M, Anderson HR, Burnett RT, Stone V, Derwent R et al (2009) Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: health implications of short-lived greenhouse pollutants. Lancet 374(9707):2091–2103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Syed, A., & Jabeen, U. A. (2019). The Healthcare Financing and Health Outcomes in Zambia. In Human Rights, Public Values, and Leadership in Healthcare Policy (pp. 65-86). IGI Global.

  • Talaat M, El-Shokry M, El-Kholy J, Ismail G, Kotb S, Hafez S et al (2016) National surveillance of health care–associated infections in Egypt: developing a sustainable program in a resource-limited country. Am J Infect Control 44(11):1296–1301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thresia CU (2018) Health Inequalities in South Asia at the Launch of Sustainable Development Goals: Exclusions in Health in Kerala, India Need Political Interventions. Int J Health Serv 48(1):57–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner GM, Larsen KA, Candy S, Ogilvy S, Ananthapavan J, Moodie M et al (2017) Squandering Australia’s food security—The environmental and economic costs of our unhealthy diet and the policy Path We’re On. Journal of Cleaner Production, Forthcoming Issue

  • Tzoulas K, Korpela K, Venn S, Yli-Pelkonen V, Kaźmierczak A, Niemela J, James P (2007) Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using Green Infrastructure: A literature review. Landsc Urban Plan 81(3):167–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015, Seventieth session Agenda items 15 and 116. Online available at: http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E (Accessed on 1 Feb 2018).

  • Vidadili N, Suleymanov E, Bulut C, Mahmudlu C (2017) Transition to renewable energy and sustainable energy development in Azerbaijan. Renew Sust Energ Rev 80:1153–1161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z (2009) The determinants of health expenditures: evidence from US state-level data. Appl Econ 41(4):429–435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Mauzerall DL (2006) Evaluating impacts of air pollution in China on public health: implications for future air pollution and energy policies. Atmos Environ 40(9):1706–1721

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang B, Liu B, Niu H, Liu J, Yao S (2018) Impact of energy taxation on economy, environmental and public health quality. J Environ Manag 206:85–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber G, Cabras I (2017) The transition of Germany’s energy production, green economy, low-carbon economy, socio-environmental conflicts, and equitable society. J Clean Prod 167:1222–1231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams DR (1990) Socioeconomic differentials in health: A review and redirection. Soc Psychol Q 53(2):81–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank (2017) World Development Indicators. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaman K, Ahmad A, Hamzah TAAT, Yusoff MM (2016a) Environmental factors affecting health indicators in sub-saharan African countries: health is wealth. Soc Indic Res 129(1):215–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaman K, bin Abdullah A, Khan A, bin Mohd Nasir MR, Hamzah TAAT, Hussain S (2016b) Dynamic linkages among energy consumption, environment, health and wealth in BRICS countries: green growth key to sustainable development. Renew Sust Energ Rev 56:1263–1271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaman K, Shamsuddin S, Ahmad M (2017a) Energy-water-food nexus under financial constraint environment: good, the bad, and the ugly sustainability reforms in sub-Saharan African countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(15):13358–13372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaman K, Abdullah I, Ali M (2017b) Decomposing the linkages between energy consumption, air pollution, climate change, and natural resource depletion in Pakistan. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 36(2):638–648

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zou X, Azam M, Islam T, Zaman K (2016) Environment and air pollution like gun and bullet for low-income countries: war for better health and wealth. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(4):3641–3657

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for its funding this Research group No. (RG-1436-037).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Economics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

    Hummera Saleem & Wen Jiandong

  2. Department of Management, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Abdullah Mohammed Aldakhil, Abdelmohsen A. Nassani & Muhammad Moinuddin Qazi Abro

  3. Department of Economics, University of Wah, Quaid Avenue, Wah Cantt, Pakistan

    Khalid Zaman

  4. School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

    Aqeel Khan, Zainudin Bin Hassan & Mohd Rustam Mohd Rameli

Authors
  1. Hummera Saleem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wen Jiandong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Abdullah Mohammed Aldakhil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Abdelmohsen A. Nassani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Muhammad Moinuddin Qazi Abro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Khalid Zaman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Aqeel Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Zainudin Bin Hassan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Mohd Rustam Mohd Rameli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Khalid Zaman.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix

Appendix

Table 10 Countries Sample
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Saleem, H., Jiandong, W., Aldakhil, A.M. et al. Socio-economic and environmental factors influenced the United Nations healthcare sustainable agenda: evidence from a panel of selected Asian and African countries . Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 14435–14460 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04692-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04692-3

Keywords

JEL Classification

Search

Navigation