Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Engine parameter optimization of palm oil biodiesel as alternate fuel in CI engine

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Stringent emission regulations and depletion of crude oil are driving researchers toward alternative fuels. In this context, palm oil emerges as a good competitor as it is highly economical compared to other alternative fuels. The current research work centers around the impact of palm oil methyl ester on performance, combustion, and emission characteristics at varying injection timings and exhaust gas recirculation rates. In the first phase of this research work, various blends of palm oil methyl ester with diesel with volume concentrations of 10, 20, and 30% were prepared and tested at different load conditions. Injection timing was then varied for the optimized blend. In the second phase, the impact of exhaust gas blending with fresh charge was studied at optimized injection timing. The test outcomes revealed that 20% mix of palm oil at 27° bTDC with exhaust gas blending of 20% generated higher brake thermal efficiency, higher peak pressure, and less hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions compared to diesel at standard injection timing of 23° bTDC and no blending of exhaust gases with fresh charge. However, progression of injection timing with 20% exhaust gas mixing indicated a slight penalty in smoke discharges. Brake thermal efficiency at advanced injection timing with 20% mix of exhaust gases reduced by 7.7% for diesel and increased by 6.5% for 20% blend of palm oil when compared to standard injection timing of diesel and no blending of exhaust gases. Significant diminishments in oxides of nitrogen (lessened by 6.6%) and hydrocarbons (decreased by 30.43%) have been noted for 20% mix of biodiesel at advanced injection timing with 20% exhaust gas mix contrasted to diesel at standard conditions. Therefore, the present examination prescribes 20% merging of exhaust gases for 20% blend of palm oil with advancement of injection timing for diesel engine applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

POME:

Palm oil methyl ester

D:

Diesel

IT:

Injection timing

EGR:

Exhaust gas recirculation

FFA:

Free fatty acids

BSFC:

Brake-specific fuel consumption

BTE:

Brake thermal efficiency

HC:

Hydrocarbons

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

NOX :

Oxides of nitrogen

FSN:

Filter smoke number

HRR:

Heat release rate

MFB:

Mass fraction burnt

MFB50:

50% of mass fraction burnt

MGT:

Mean gas temperature

CA:

Crank angle

ppm:

Parts per million

bTDC:

Before top dead center

TDC:

Top dead center

POME10:

90% diesel + 10% palm oil methyl ester

POME20:

80% diesel + 20% palm oil methyl ester

POME30:

70% diesel + 30% palm oil methyl ester

deg:

Degree

References

  • Agarwal AK, Dhar A, Gupta JG, Kim WII, Choi K, Lee CS, Park S (2015) Effect of fuel injection pressure and injection timing of Karanja biodiesel blends on fuel spray, engine performance, emissions and combustion characteristics. Energy Convers Manag 91:302–314

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashok B, Nanthagopal K, Jeevanantham AK, Bhowmick P, Malhotra D, Agarwal P (2017a) An assessment of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel fuelled diesel engine characteristics using novel antioxidant additives. Energy Convers Manag 148:935–943

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashok B, Nanthagopal K, Thundil Karuppa Raj R, Pradeep Bhasker J, Sakthi vignesh D (2017b) Influence of injection timing and exhaust gas recirculation of a Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester fuelled CI engine. Fuel Process Technol 167:18–30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashok B, Nanthgopal K, Aravind M, Johny A, Tamilrasu A (2017c) Comparative analysis on the effect of zinc oxide and Ethanox as additives with biodiesel in CI engine. Energy 140:352–364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashok B, Nanthagopal K, Sakthi Vignesh D (2017d) Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester biodiesel blend as an alternate fuel for diesel engine applications, Alexandria Eng J. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2017.03.042

  • Ashok B, Raj RTK, Nanthagopal K, Krishnan R, Subbarao R (2017e) Lemon peel oil—a novel renewable alternative energy source for diesel engine. Energy Consers Manag 139:110–121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barik D, Murugan S, Sivaram NM, Baburaj E, Shanmuga Sundaram P (2017) Experimental investigation on the behaviour of a direct injection diesel engine fuelled with Karanja methyl ester-biogas dual fuel at different injection timings. Energy 118:127–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhaskar K, Nagarajan G, Sampath S (2013) Optimization of FOME (fish oil methyl esters) blend and EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) for simultaneous control of NOX and particulate matter emissions in diesel engines. Energy 62:224–234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Can Ö, Öztürk E, Solmaz H, Aksoy F, Çinar C, Yücesu HS (2016) Combined effects of soybean biodiesel fuel addition and EGR application on the combustion and exhaust emissions in a diesel engine. Appl Therm Eng 95:115–124

  • De Poures MV, Sathiyagnanam AP, Rana D, Kumar BR, Saravanan S (2017) 1-Hexanol as a sustainable biofuel in DI diesel engines and its effect on combustion and emissions under the influence of injection timing and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Appl Therm Eng 113:1505–1513

  • Dhanaraju V, Kishore PS (2017) Effect of tamarind seed methyl ester and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine. Int J Ambient Energy. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2017.1421579

  • Dias JM, MCM A-F, Almeida MF (2008) Comparison of the performance of different homogeneous alkali catalysts during transesterification of waste and virgin oils and evaluation of biodiesel quality. Fuel 87:3572–3578

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esipovich AL, Rogozhin AE, Belousov AS, Kanakov EA, Danov SM (2018) A comparative study of the separation stage of rapeseed oil transesterification products obtained using various catalysts. Fuel Process Technol 173:153–164

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fattah IMR, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Mofijur M, Abedin MJ (2014) Effect of antioxidant on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with palm biodiesel blends. Energy Convers Manag 2014:265–272

  • Gad MS, EI-Araby R, Abed KA, EI-Ibiari NN, EI Morsi AK, EI-Diwani GI (2018) Performance and emission characteristics of C.I engine fueled with palm oil/palm oil methyl ester blended with diesel fuel. Egypt J Pet 27:215–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ganapathy T, Gakkhar RP, Murugesan K (2011) Influence of injection timing on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of Jatropha biodiesel engine. Appl Energy 88:4376–4386

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gautam R, Kumar N, Sharma P (2013) Comparative assessment of performance, emission and combustion characteristics of blends of methyl and ethyl ester of Jatropha oil and diesel in compression ignition engine. SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-2664

  • Gnanasekaran S, Saravanan N, Ilangkumaran M (2016) Influence of injection timing on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine running on fish oil biodiesel. Energy 116:1218–1229

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gogoi TK, Baruah DC (2011) The use of Koroch seed oil methyl ester blends in a diesel engine. Appl Energy 88:2713–2725

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Igbokwe JO, Nwofo OC, Nwaiwu CF (2015) Effects of blend on the properties, performance and emission of palm kernel oil biodiesel. Biofuels. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2015.1030719

  • Javed S, Murthy YVVS, Satyanarayana MRS, Reddy RR, Rajagopal K (2016) Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticle fuel additive on the emission reduction of a hydrogen dual-fuelled engine with jatropha methyl ester biodiesel blends. J Clean Prod 137:490–506

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannan GR (2013) Effect of injection pressures and timings on the performance emission and combustion characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine using biodiesel-diesel-ethanol blend. SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-1699

  • Karthik N, Rajasekar R, Siva R, Mathiselvan G (2017) Experimental investigation of injection timing on the performance and exhaust emissions of a rubber seed oil blend fuel in constant speed diesel engine. Int J Ambient Energy. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2017.1392353

  • Nagaraja S, Soorya Prakash K, Sudhakaran R, Sathish kumar M (2016) Investigation on the emission quality, performance and combustion characteristics of the compression ignition engine fueled with environmental friendly corn oil methyl ester – diesel blends. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 134:455–461

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nanthagopal K, Ashok B, Saravanan B, Deepam P, Sudarshan B, Aaditya Ramasamy R (2018a) An assessment on the effects of 1-pentanol and 1-butanol as additives with Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel. Energy Convers Manag 158:70–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nanthagopal K, Raj RTK, Ashok B, Elango T, Saravanan SV (2018b, 2018b) Influence of exhaust gas recirculation on combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fuelled with 100% waste cooking oil methyl ester. Waste Biomass Valorization. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0194-0

  • Navas MB, Lick ID, Bolla PA, Casella ML, Ruggera JF (2018) Transesterification of soybean and castor oil with methanol and butanol using heterogeneous basic catalysts to obtain biodiesel. Chem Eng Sci 187:444–454

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nayak SK, Pattanaik BP (2014) Experimental investigation on performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with Mahua biodiesel using additive. Energy Procedia 54:569–579

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palash SM, Kalam MA, Masjuki HH, Masum BM, Rizwanul Fattah IM, Mofijur M (2013a) Impacts of biodiesel combustion on NOx emissions and their reduction approaches. Renew Sust Energ Rev 23:473–490

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palash SM, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Masum BM, Sanjid A, Abedin MJ (2013b) State of the art of NOx mitigation technologies and their effect on the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel-fuelled compression ignition engines. Energy Convers Manag 76:400–420

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pali HS, Kumar N, Mishra C (2014) Some experimental studies on combustion, emissions and performance characteristics of an agricultural diesel engine fuelled with blends of Kusum oil methyl ester and diesel. SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1952, https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1952

  • Prabu SS, Asokan MA, Prathiba S, Ahmed S, Puthean G (2018) Effect of additives on performance, combustion and emission behavior of preheated palm oil/diesel blends in DI diesel engine. Renew Energy 122:196–205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pradeep V, Sharma RP (2007) Use of hot EGR for NOx control in a compression ignition engine fuelled with bio-diesel from Jatropha oil. Renew Energy 32:1136–1154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qi D, Leick M, Liu Y, Lee CF (2011) Effect of EGR and injection timing on combustion and emission characteristics of split injection strategy DI-diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel. Fuel 90:1884–1891

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajesh Kumar B, Saravanan S (2015) Effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on performance and emissions of a constant speed DI diesel engine fueled with pentanol/diesel blends. Fuel 160:217–226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarvanan S, Nagarajan G, Sampath S (2013) Combined effect of injection timing, EGR and injection pressure in NOx control of a stationary diesel engine fuelled with crude rice bran oil methyl ester. Fuel 104:409–416

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Senthil kumar S, Sivakumar G, Manoharan S (2015) Investigation of palm methyl-ester with additive on performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine under 8-mode testing cycle. Alex Eng J 54:423–428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shameer PM, Ramesh K (2017) Experimental evaluation on performance, combustion behaviour and influence of in-cylinder temperature on NOx emission in a DI diesel engine using thermal imager for various alternate fuel blends. Energy 118:1334–1344

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shameer PM, Ramesh K (2018) Assessment on the consequences of injection timing and injection pressure on combustion characteristics of sustainable biodiesel fuelled engine. Renew Sust Energ Rev 81:45–61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shameer PM, Ramesh K, Sakthivel R, Purnachandran R (2017) Effects of fuel injection parameters on emission characteristics of diesel engines operating on various biodiesel: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 67:1267–1281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shanmughasundaram P (2016) Experimental investigation on the emission characteristics of a variable compression ratio multi-fuel engine using palm biodiesel. Int J Ambient Energy. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2016.1155492

  • Suresh Babu Rao H, Venkateswara Rao T, Hemachandra Reddy K (2018) Influence of injection timing on cerium oxide nanoparticle doped in waste cooking palm oil bio-diesel and diesel blends fuelled in diesel engine. Int J Ambient Energy. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2018.1472660

  • Tashtoush GM, Al-Widyan MI, Albatayneh AM (2007) Factorial analysis of diesel engine performance using different types of biofuels. J Environ Manag 84:401–411

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teoh YH, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, How HG (2015) Effect of injection timing and EGR on engine-out-responses of a common-rail diesel engine fuelled with neat biodiesel. RSC Adv 5:96080–96096

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tran DT, Chang JS, Lee DJ (2017) Recent insights into continuous-flow biodiesel production via catalytic and non-catalytic transesterification processes. Appl Energy 185:376–409

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vedaraman N, Puhan S, Nagarajan G, Velappan KC (2011) Preparation of palm oil biodiesel and effect of various additives on NOx emission reduction in B20: an experimental study. Int J Green Energy 8:383–397

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng S, Kates M, Dube MA, McLean DD (2006) Acid-catalyzed production of biodiesel from waste frying oil. Biomass Bioenergy 30:267–272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lakireddy Bali Reddy College of Engineering, Mylavaram, AP, India

    Akula Naresh Kumar

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, AP, 530003, India

    Akula Naresh Kumar & Pisipaty Srinivas Kishore

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, S.R.K.R Engineering College, Chinna Amiram, Bhimavaram, AP, 534204, India

    Kalidindi Brahma Raju

  4. School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India

    Nanthagopal Kasianantham & Ashok Bragadeshwaran

Authors
  1. Akula Naresh Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pisipaty Srinivas Kishore
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kalidindi Brahma Raju
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nanthagopal Kasianantham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ashok Bragadeshwaran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pisipaty Srinivas Kishore.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kumar, A.N., Kishore, P.S., Raju, K.B. et al. Engine parameter optimization of palm oil biodiesel as alternate fuel in CI engine. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 6652–6676 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-04084-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-04084-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation