Abstract
The hourly SO2 and PM10 concentrations in ambient air of the Kutahya city located at the western part of Turkey have exceeded the air quality limits in winter months since several years. The region has major industrial plants including lignite-fired power plants and open-cast mining activities, residential areas, and traffic sources. To obtain and quantify the sector-wise anthropogenic emissions and spatial distribution of the major pollutants including SO2, NO x , PM10, and CO, a comprehensive emission inventory with 1-km spatial resolution was prepared for the year of 2014, and the AERMOD dispersion model was used to predict ambient air concentrations in a domain of 140 km by 110 km. Validation of the model results was also done referring to in situ routine measurements at two monitoring stations located in the study area. Total emissions of SO2, PM10, NO x , and CO in the study area were calculated as 64,399, 9770, 24,627, and 29,198 tons/year, respectively. The results showed that industrial plants were the largest sources of SO2, NO x , and PM10 emissions, while residential heating and road traffic were the most contributing sectors for CO emissions. Three major power plants in the region with total annual lignite consumption of 10 million tons per year were main sources of high SO2 concentrations, while high PM10 concentrations mainly originated from two major open-cast lignite mines. Major contributors of high NO x and CO concentrations were traffic including highways and urban streets, and residential heating with high lignite consumption in urban areas. Results of the dispersion model run with the emission inventory resulted in partially high index of agreement (0.75) with SO2 measured in the urban station within the modeled area.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alyuz U, Alp K (2014) Emission inventory of primary air pollutants in 2010 from industrial processes in Turkey. Sci Total Environ 488:371–383
Aste N, Adhikari RS, Compostella J, Del Pero C (2013) Energy and environmental impact of domestic heating in Italy: evaluation of national NOx emissions. Energ Policy 53:353–360
Borge R, Lumbreras J, Perez J, de la Paz D, Vedrenne M, de Andres JM, Rodriguez ME (2014) Emission inventories and modeling requirements for the development of air quality plans. Application to Madrid (Spain). Sci Total Environ 466:809–819
Brandt C, Kunde R, Dobmeier B, Schnelle-Kreis J, Orasche J, Schmoeckel G, Diemer J, Zimmermann R, Gaderer M (2011) Ambient PM10 concentrations from wood combustion—emission modeling and dispersion calculation for the city area of Augsburg, Germany. Atmos Environ 45:3466–3474
EEA (European Environment Agency) (2013) EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook 2013, Energy Industries, Tier 2 Emission Factors
EEA (European Environment Agency) (2009) EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook – 2009. Combustion in Energy & Transformation Industries
EEA (European Environment Agency) (2007) EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook-2006
Elbir T (2002) Application of an ISCST3 model for predicting urban air pollution in the Izmir metropolitan area. Int J Environ Pollut 18:498–507
Elbir T (2003) Comparison of model predictions with the data of an urban air quality monitoring network in Izmir, Turkey. Atmos Environ 37:2149–2157
Elbir T (2004) A GIS based decision support system for estimation, visualization and analysis of air pollution for large Turkish cities. Atmos Environ 38:4509–4517
Elbir T, Müezzinoğlu A (2004) Estimation of emission strengths of primary air pollutants in the city of İzmir, Turkey. Atmos Environ 38:1851–1857
Elbir T, Mangir N, Kara M, Simsir S, Eren T, Ozdemir S (2010) Development of a GIS-based decision support system for urban air quality management in the city of Istanbul. Atmos Environ 44:441–454
Ergun P, Kara M, Bayram A, Dumanoglu Y, Altiok H, Elbir T (2014) Application of an activity based approach to assess air quality from mobile sources in an urban center. Current Environmental Engineering 1:64–72
Fu X, Wang SX, Zhao B, Xing J, Cheng Z, Liu H, Hao JM (2013) Emission inventory of primary pollutants and chemical speciation in 2010 for the Yangtze River Delta region, China. Atmos Environ 70:39–50
GDH (General Directory of Highway) (2015a) Traffic Transport Information for 2014, Ankara, 227 pages
GDH (General Directory of Highway) (2015b) http://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Trafik/HizSinirlari.aspx, access: November 2016
GDM (General Directorate of Meteorology) (2015) Hourly meteorological observations in Kutahya for 2014, Ankara
Ho BQ, Clappier A (2011) Road traffic emission inventory for air quality modelling and to evaluate the abatement strategies: a case of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Atmos Environ 45:3584–3593
Huertas JI, Huertas ME, Cervantes G, Diaz J (2014) Assessment of the natural sources of particulate matter on the opencast mines air quality. Sci Total Environ 493:1047–1055
Kara M, Mangir N, Bayram A, Elbir T (2014) A spatially high resolution and activity based emissions inventory for the metropolitan area of Istanbul, Turkey. Aerosol Air Qual Res 14:10–20
Karademir A (2006) Evaluation of the potential air pollution from fuel combustion in industrial boilers in Kocaeli, Turkey. Fuel 85:1894–1903
KDEU (Kutahya Directorate of Environment and Urbanization) (2015) Kutahya Provincial Environmental Status Report for 2014, Kutahya, 184 pages
KDTB (Kutahya Directorate of Traffic Branch) (2015) Numbers of vehicles by districts and distribution of the vehicles by fuel types, Kutahya
Keser N (2002) Topographical and climatic factors affectıng air poiIutıon in Kütahya. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi 5:69-100 (in Turkish)
Ma JY, Yi HH, Tang XL, Zhang Y, Xiang Y, Pu L (2013) Application of AERMOD on near future air quality simulation under the latest national emission control policy of China: a case study on an industrial city. J Environ Sci 25:1608–1617
MEU (Ministry of Environment and Urbanization) (2014) Industrial Air Pollution Control Regulation, No: 29211 Ankara
Miola A, Ciuffo B (2011) Estimating air emissions from ships: meta-analysis of modelling approaches and available data sources. Atmos Environ 45:2242–2251
O'Shaughnessy PT, Altmaier R (2011) Use of AERMOD to determine a hydrogen sulfide emission factor for swine operations by inverse modeling. Atmos Environ 45:4617–4625
Ozden O, Dogeroglu T, Kara S (2008) Assessment of ambient air quality in Eskisehir, Turkey. Environ Int 34:678–687
Ozkurt N, Sari D, Akalin N, Hilmioglu B (2013) Evaluation of the impact of SO2 and NO2 emissions on the ambient air-quality in the Can-Bayramic region of northwest Turkey during 2007-2008. Sci Total Environ 456:254–266
Qiu PP, Tian HZ, Zhu CY, Liu KY, Gao JJ, Zhou JR (2014) An elaborate high resolution emission inventory of primary air pollutants for the Central Plain Urban Agglomeration of China. Atmos Environ 86:93–101
Rood AS (2014) Performance evaluation of AERMOD, CALPUFF, and legacy air dispersion models using the Winter Validation Tracer Study dataset. Atmos Environ 89:707–720
Sari D, Bayram A (2014) Quantification of emissions from domestic heating in residential areas of Izmir, Turkey and assessment of the impact on local/regional air-quality. Sci Total Environ 488-489:429–436
Say NP (2006) Lignite-fired thermal power plants and SO2 pollution in Turkey. Energy Policy 34:2690–2701
TSI (Turkish Statistical Institution) (2015) Population of city center, town and villages in Kutahya Ankara 11 pages
Tuna G, Elbir T (2013) Investigation of variations of air quality from maritime traffic in the Bosphorus after Canal-İstanbul project. Hava Kirliliği Araştırmaları Dergisi 2:1–10
Tuna Tuygun, G., Elbir, T., Mentese, S. (2016) Determination of ambient air quality by using a Gaussian dispersion model in northeast part of Turkey. International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Application 2016, October 3–7, Chania, Crete, Greece
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (2004) User’s Guide For The AMS/EPA Regulatory Model – AERMOD, North Carolina, 216 pages
USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) (2015) SRTM3 database, http://dds.cr.usgs.gov/srtm/ version2_1/SRTM3/Eurasia/, access: 2015
Willmott CJ, Robeson SM, Matsuura K (2012) A refined index of model performance. Int J Climatol 32:2088–2094
Yau PS, Lee SC, Corbett JJ, Wang CF, Cheng Y, Ho KF (2012) Estimation of exhaust emission from ocean-going vessels in Hong Kong. Sci Total Environ 431:299–306
Zheng JY, Zhang LJ, Che WW, Zheng ZY, Yin SS (2009) A highly resolved temporal and spatial air pollutant emission inventory for the Pearl River Delta region, China and its uncertainty assessment. Atmos Environ 43:5112–5122
Acknowledgement
This study was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (project no. TUB/112Y305).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Gerhard Lammel
An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8835-6.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tuygun, G.T., Altuğ, H., Elbir, T. et al. Modeling of air pollutant concentrations in an industrial region of Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 8230–8241 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8492-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8492-9