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Screening of inorganic and organic contaminants in floodwater in paddy fields of Hue and Thanh Hoa in Vietnam

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Abstract

In the rainy season, rice growing areas in Vietnam often become flooded by up to 1.5 m water. The floodwater brings contaminants from cultivated areas, farms and villages to the rice fields resulting in widespread contamination. In 2012 and 2013, the inorganic and organic contaminants in floodwater was investigated in Thanh Hoa and Hue. Water samples were taken at 16 locations in canals, paddy fields and rivers before and during the flood. In total, 940 organic micro-pollutants in the water samples were determined simultaneously by GC-MS method with automatic identification and quantification system (AIQS), while ICP-MS was used for determination of ten trace elements in the samples. The concentrations of 277 organic micro-pollutants and ten elements (As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Co, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, Al) ranged from 0.01 to 7.6 μg L−1 and 0.1 to 3170 μg L−1, respectively, in the floodwater. Contaminants originated from industrial sources (e.g. PAH) were detected at low concentrations, ranged from 0.01 to 0.18 μg L−1, while concentrations of pollutants originated from domestic sources (e.g. sterols, pharmaceuticals and personal care products and pesticides) were ranged from 0.01 to 2.12 μg L−1. Isoprocarb had the highest detection frequency of 90%, followed by isoprothiolane (88%) and fenobucarb (71%). The results indicated that contaminants in floodwater come from untreated wastewater from villages, and the agricultural activities are the major sources of increased pesticides resuspended in the floodwater in this study.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge our colleagues at the Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, and Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences at University of Copenhagen for helpful assistance with sampling and analyses. This study was financially supported by the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ program Danida for Innovative Cleaning Technology for production of drinking water during flooding episodes in the A-water project, a co-operation between University of Copenhagen and Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Ha Thu Trinh & Nguyen Thuy Ta

  2. Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

    Ha Thu Trinh, Helle Marcussen, Hans Christian B. Hansen, Soren Hansen & Bjarne W. Strobel

  3. Department of Planning and Finance, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Giang Truong Le

  4. Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Hanh Thi Duong & Trung Quang Nguyen

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  1. Ha Thu Trinh
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Correspondence to Ha Thu Trinh.

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Trinh, H.T., Marcussen, H., Hansen, H.C.B. et al. Screening of inorganic and organic contaminants in floodwater in paddy fields of Hue and Thanh Hoa in Vietnam. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 7348–7358 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8433-7

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