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Water and sediment quality assessment in the Colastiné-Corralito stream system (Santa Fe, Argentina): impact of industry and agriculture on aquatic ecosystems

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Abstract

The present study focuses on the evaluation of metal (chromium, copper, and lead), arsenic, and pesticide (atrazine and endosulfan) contamination in freshwater streams of one of the most important agricultural and industrial areas of central-eastern Argentina, which has not been reported earlier. The environmental fate of inorganic microcontaminants and pesticides was assessed. Samples were collected monthly for a year. Pesticide concentrations were measured in water; metal and arsenic concentrations were measured in water and sediments, and physicochemical variables were analyzed. In most cases, metals and arsenic in water exceeded the established guideline levels for the protection of aquatic biota: 98 and 56.25% of the samples showed higher levels of Cr and Pb, while 81.25 and 85% of the samples presented higher values for Cu and As, respectively. Cr, Pb, Cu, and As exceeded 181.5 times, 41.6 times, 57.5 times, and 12.9 times, respectively, the guideline level values. In sediment samples, permitted levels were also surpassed by 40% for Pb, 15% for As, 4% for Cu, and 2% for Cr. Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) demonstrated that most of the sediment samples were highly polluted by Cr and Cu and very seriously polluted by Pb, which indicates progressive deterioration of the sediment quality. Atrazine never exceeded them, but 27% of the 48 water samples contained total endosulfan that surpassed the guidelines. The findings of this study suggest risk to the freshwater biota over prolong periods and possible risk to humans if such type of contaminated water is employed for recreation or human use. Improper disposal of industrial effluents and agricultural runoffs need to be controlled, and proper treatment should be done before disposal to avoid further deterioration of the aquifers of this area.

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Abbreviations

AEQGs:

Argentine Environmental Quality Guidelines

As:

Arsenic

Atr:

Atrazine

BOD:

Biological oxygen demand

CEQGs:

Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

Cr:

Chromium

Cu:

Copper

DO:

Dissolved oxygen

EEA:

European Environment Agency

End:

Endosulfan

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

EQGs:

Environmental quality guidelines

FD:

Frequency of detection

IC:

Inorganic carbon

Igeo :

Geoaccumulation Index

INIDEP:

Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero

LAQUIGE:

Laboratorio de Química Geológica y Edafológica

MAC:

Maximum allowable concentration

MC:

Maximum concentration

NA:

Not available

ND:

No data

Pb:

Lead

PCA:

Principal component analysis

S1:

Site one

S2:

Site two

S3:

Site three

S4:

Site four

SD:

Standard deviation

Sed.:

Sediment

SRP:

Soluble reactive phosphorus

T. End:

Total endosulfan (α END, β END and END. SULFATO)

TOC:

Total organic carbon

TSS:

Total suspended solids

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Funding

This research was supported by grants from the Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Project CAI +D No. 501 201101 00215 LI.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias (FHUC), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina

    Luciana Regaldo, Ulises Reno, Viviana Fernández & Ana M. Gagneten

  2. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina

    Luciana Regaldo & Ulises Reno

  3. Instituto Nacional de Limnología (INALI – CONICET – UNL), 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina

    María F. Gutierrez

  4. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina

    María F. Gutierrez

  5. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología (INTEC – CONICET - UNL), Parque Tecnológico Litoral Centro, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina

    Susana Gervasio

  6. Facultad de Ingeniería Química (FIQ), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina

    María R. Repetti

Authors
  1. Luciana Regaldo
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  2. María F. Gutierrez
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  3. Ulises Reno
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  4. Viviana Fernández
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  5. Susana Gervasio
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  6. María R. Repetti
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  7. Ana M. Gagneten
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Luciana Regaldo.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Severine Le Faucheur

Highlights

- Metals, arsenic, and pesticides in surface waters and sediments of central-eastern Argentina were monitored for 1 year. The status of pollution in relation to standard levels was considered in conjunction with other assessment methods.

- Similarly, to physicochemical variables, microcontaminant concentrations in sediments between sites were more informative about the impairment of the system than those between months.

- In water samples, findings suggest a serious level of metal pollution—mainly Cr, Pb, Cu and As, and pesticides mostly by endosulfan. In sediment samples, Pb, As, Cu, and Cr also surpassed the established international guideline levels.

- Proper measures in terms of technological innovations or improvements of public and private policies must be taken immediately in order to protect aquatic resources and human health.

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Regaldo, L., Gutierrez, M.F., Reno, U. et al. Water and sediment quality assessment in the Colastiné-Corralito stream system (Santa Fe, Argentina): impact of industry and agriculture on aquatic ecosystems. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 6951–6968 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0911-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0911-4

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