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Procedures of determining organic trace compounds in municipal sewage sludge—a review

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Abstract

Sewage sludge is the largest by-product generated during the wastewater treatment process. Since large amounts of sludge are being produced, different ways of disposal have been introduced. One tempting option is to use it as fertilizer in agricultural fields due to its high contents of inorganic nutrients. This, however, can be limited by the amount of trace contaminants in the sewage sludge, containing a variety of microbiological pollutants and pathogens but also inorganic and organic contaminants. The bioavailability and the effects of trace contaminants on the microorganisms of soil are still largely unknown as well as their mixture effects. Therefore, there is a need to analyze the sludge to test its suitability before further use. In this article, a variety of sampling, pretreatment, extraction, and analysis methods have been reviewed. Additionally, different organic trace compounds often found in the sewage sludge and their methods of analysis have been compiled. In addition to traditional Soxhlet extraction, the most common extraction methods of organic contaminants in sludge include ultrasonic extraction (USE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) followed by instrumental analysis based on gas or liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.

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Acknowledgments

Financial support from Maa- ja vesitekniikan tuki ry. is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland

    Petra C. Lindholm-Lehto & Juha S. Knuutinen

  2. Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Survontie 9 A, FI-40500, Jyväskylä, Finland

    Heidi S. J. Ahkola

Authors
  1. Petra C. Lindholm-Lehto
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  2. Heidi S. J. Ahkola
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  3. Juha S. Knuutinen
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Correspondence to Petra C. Lindholm-Lehto.

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Responsible editor: Ester Heath

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Lindholm-Lehto, P.C., Ahkola, H.S.J. & Knuutinen, J.S. Procedures of determining organic trace compounds in municipal sewage sludge—a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 4383–4412 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8202-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8202-z

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