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Green synthesis of Pd/walnut shell nanocomposite using Equisetum arvense L. leaf extract and its application for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and organic dyes in a very short time

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Abstract

Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) have been immobilized on the surface of walnut shell powder using Equisetum arvense L. leaf extract as reducing and stabilizing agents in this work. FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been used in the characterization of the nanocomposites thus prepared. High catalytic activity was shown by these nanocomposites in the reduction of different dyes. The PdNPs’ diameter on the walnut shell was predominantly found within the 5–12-nm range. The advantages of these catalysts include facile and clean synthesis, simple preparation procedure, excellent properties, alterable supports, and low cost, which make them applicable in reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), Congo red (CR), methylene blue (MB), and rhodamine B (RhB) in the presence of aqueous NaBH4 at room temperature. Pd/walnut shell nanocomposites were highly active catalysts for reduction of these dyes. Moreover, Pd/walnut shell nanocomposite can be recovered and recycled seven times without any appreciable loss of catalytic activity.

Waste walnut shell as a natural valuable resource support for green synthesis of Pd/walnut shell nanocomposite using Equisetum arvense L. leaf extract and its application for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and organic dyes in a very short time

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Acknowledgements

The author is thankful to Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) for supporting this project numbered 95823609.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, Qom, 37185-359, Iran

    Maryam Bordbar & Nafiseh Mortazavimanesh

  2. Center of Environmental Researches, University of Qom, Qom, Iran

    Maryam Bordbar

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  1. Maryam Bordbar
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  2. Nafiseh Mortazavimanesh
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maryam Bordbar.

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Responsible editor: Santiago V. Luis

Highlights

• Green synthesis of Pd/walnut shell nanocomposites.

• Equisetum arvense L. leaf extract act as a stabilizing and reducing agent.

• Catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol, methyl orange, Congo red, methylene blue, and rhodamine B.

• The catalysts could be easily recovered and reused several times.

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Bordbar, M., Mortazavimanesh, N. Green synthesis of Pd/walnut shell nanocomposite using Equisetum arvense L. leaf extract and its application for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and organic dyes in a very short time. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 4093–4104 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8183-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8183-y

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