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Effects of chlorinated drinking water on the xenobiotic metabolism in Cyprinus carpio treated with samples from two Italian municipal networks

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Abstract

Drinking water (DW) disinfection represents a milestone of the past century, thanks to its efficacy in the reduction of risks of epidemic forms by water micro-organisms. Nevertheless, such process generates disinfection by-products (DBPs), some of which are genotoxic both in animals and in humans and carcinogenic in animals. At present, chlorination is one of the most employed strategies but the toxicological effects of several classes of DBPs are unknown. In this investigation, a multidisciplinary approach foreseeing the chemical analysis of chlorinated DW samples and the study of its effects on mixed function oxidases (MFOs) belonging to the superfamily of cytochrome P450-linked monooxygenases of Cyprinus carpio hepatopancreas, was employed. The experimental samples derived from aquifers of two Italian towns (plant 1, river water and plant 2, spring water) were obtained immediately after the disinfection (A) and along the network (R1). Animals treated with plant 1 DW-processed fractions showed a general CYP-associated MFO induction. By contrast, in plant 2, a complex modulation pattern was achieved, with a general up-regulation for the point A and a marked MFO inactivation in the R1 group, particularly for the testosterone metabolism. Together, the toxicity and co-carcinogenicity (i.e. unremitting over-generation of free radicals and increased bioactivation capability) of DW linked to the recorded metabolic manipulation, suggests that a prolonged exposure to chlorine-derived disinfectants may produce adverse health effects.

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Acknowledgement

Financial support from MIUR (Rome) is gratefully acknowledged.

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All sources of financial and material support were provided by a grant from the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research.

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    1. Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy

      Silvia Cirillo, Donatella Canistro, Fabio Vivarelli & Moreno Paolini

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    1. Silvia Cirillo
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    2. Donatella Canistro
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    Correspondence to Silvia Cirillo or Donatella Canistro.

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    Responsible editor: Henner Hollert

    Silvia Cirillo and Donatella Canistro contributed equally to this work.

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    Cirillo, S., Canistro, D., Vivarelli, F. et al. Effects of chlorinated drinking water on the xenobiotic metabolism in Cyprinus carpio treated with samples from two Italian municipal networks. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 18777–18788 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7091-5

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