Abstract
In trinitrotoluene (TNT) purification process, realized in industries, there are two washes carried out at the end of the procedure. The first is performed with vaporized water, from which the first effluent, called yellow water, is originated. Then, a second wash is performed using sodium sulfite, generating the red water effluent. The objective of this work was to get the best conditions for photocatalytic degradation of the second effluent, red water, in order to reduce toxicity and adjust legal parameters according to regulatory agencies for dumping these effluents into waterways. It has used a statistical evaluation for factor interaction (pH, concentration) that affects heterogeneous photocatalysis with titanium dioxide (TiO2). Thus, the treatment applied in the factorial experimental design consisted of using a volume equal to 500 mL of the effluent to 0.1 % by batch treatment, which has changed TiO2 pH and concentration, according to the design, with 20 min time for evaluation, where it was used as response to the reduction of UV–Vis absorption. According to the design responses, it has obtained optimum values for the parameters evaluated: pH = 6.5 and concentration of 100 mg/L of TiO2 were shown to be efficient when applied to red water effluent, obtaining approximately 91 % of discoloration.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
APHA American Public Health Association (1995) Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater, 19th edn. American Public Health Association, Washington
Ayoub K, van Hullebuschb ED, Cassirc M, Bermondet A (2010) Application of advanced oxidation processes for TNT removal: a review. J Hazard Mater 178(1–3):10–28. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.02.042
Barreto-Rodrigues M, Silva FT, Paiva TCB (2009) Characterization of wastewater from the Brazilian TNT industry. J Hazard Mater 164(1):385–388. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.152
Box GEP, Hunter WG, Hunter JS (1978) Statistics for experimenters. An introduction to design, data analysis and model building. Nova York, Editora Wiley
Cao Y, Fu Z, Wei W, Zou L, Mi T, He D, Yan C, Liu X, Zhu Y, Chen L, Sun Y (2015) Reduced graphene oxide supported titanium dioxide nanomaterials for the photocatalysis with long cycling life. Appl Surf Sci 355:1289–1294. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.08.036
Donovan AR, Adams CD, Ma Y, Stephan C, Eichholz T, Shi H (2016) Single particle ICP-MS characterization of titanium dioxide, silver, and gold nanoparticles during drinking water treatment. Chemosphere 144:148–153. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.081
Islam MN, Shin M-S, Jo Y-T, Park J-H (2015) TNT and RDX degradation and extraction from contaminated soil using subcritical water. Chemosphere 119:1148–1152. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.101
Kumar N, Hazarika SN, Limbu S, Boruah R, Deb P, Namsa ND, Das SK (2015) Hydrothermal synthesis of anatase titanium dioxide mesoporous microspheres and their antimicrobial activity. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 213:181–187. doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.02.047
Kumeria T, Mon H, Aw MS, Gulati K, Santos A, Griesser HJ, Losic D (2015) Advanced biopolymer-coated drug-releasing titania nanotubes (TNTs) implants with simultaneously enhanced osteoblast adhesion and antibacterial properties. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 130:255–263. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.04.021
Li Y, Wang Y, Kong J, Wang J (2015) Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanotubes co-doped by erbium ions. Appl Surf Sci 328:115–119. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.12.054
Lin H, Chen Z, Megharaj M, Naidu R (2013) Biodegradation of TNT using Bacillus mycoides immobilized in PVA–sodium alginate–kaolin. Appl Clay Sci 83–84:336–342. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2013.08.004
Ludwichk R, Helferichb OK, Kist CP, Lopes AC, Cavasotto T, Silva DC, Barreto-Rodrigues M (2015) Characterization and photocatalytic treatability of red water from Brazilian TNT industry. J Hazard Mater 293:81–86. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.03.017
Mahoney L, Peng R, Wu C-M, Baltrusaitis J, Koodali RT (2015) Solar simulated hydrogen evolution using cobalt oxide nanoclusters deposited on titanium dioxide mesoporous materials prepared by evaporation induced self-assembly process. Int J Hydrog Energy 40(34):10795–10806. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.06.155
Méndez JAO, Herrera Melián JA, Araña J, Doña Rodríguez JM, González Díaz O, Pérez Peña J (2015) Detoxification of waters contaminated with phenol, formaldehyde and phenol—formaldehyde mixtures using a combination of biological treatments and advanced oxidation techniques. Appl Catal B Environ 163:63–73. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.07.032
Neto BB, Scarmínio LS, Bruns RE (2002) Como fazer experimentos: pesquisa e desenvolvimento na ciência e na indústria, 2nd edn. Editora UNICAMP, Campinas, 401
Ribeiro AR, Ribeiro AR, Nunes OC, Pereira MFR, Silva AMT (2015) An overview on the advanced oxidation processes applied for the treatment of water pollutants defined in the recently launched Directive 2013 / 39 / EU. Environ Int 75:33–51. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.027
Rodrigues MB (2005) Tratamento de Efluente Proveniente da Fabricação de TNT de uma Indústria de Explosivos Utilizando Processos Redutivos e Oxidativos Avançados. TESE, Faculdade de Engenharia Química de Lorena, Lorena—SP
Santos C, Lucas MS, Dias AA, Bezerra RMF, Peres JA, Sampaio A (2014) Winery wastewater treatment by combination of Cryptococcus laurentii and Fenton’s reagent. Chemosphere 117:53–58. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.083
Sharmila VG, Kavitha S, Rajashankar K, Yeom IT, Banu JR (2015) Effects of titanium dioxide mediated dairy waste activated sludge deflocculation on the efficiency of bacterial disintegration and cost of sludge management. Bioresour Technol 197:64–71. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.038
Suzuki H, Araki S, Yamamoto H (2015) Journal of water process engineering evaluation of advanced oxidation processes (AOP) using O3, UV, and TiO2 for the degradation of phenol in water. J Water Process Eng 7:54–60
Zhang Y, Cheng K, Lv F, Huang H, Fei B, He Y, Ye Z, Shen B (2014) Photocatalytic treatment of 2,4,6-trinitotoluene in red water by multi-doped TiO2 with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 452:103–108. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.03.086
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the IMBEL, UTFPR, CNPq, and IFSC.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Guz, R., de Moura, C., da Cunha, M.A.A. et al. Factorial design application in photocatalytic wastewater degradation from TNT industry—red water. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 6055–6060 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6460-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6460-4