Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from inorganic clay mineral: Bentonite

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

There has been limited study of the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from inorganic clay minerals. Determining the amount of PAH removal is important in predicting their environmental fate. This study was carried out to the degradation and evaporation of PAHs from bentonite, which is an inorganic clay mineral. UV apparatus was designed specifically for the experiments. The impacts of temperature, UV, titanium dioxide (TiO2), and diethylamine (DEA) on PAH removal were determined. After 24 h, 75 and 44 % of ∑12 PAH in the bentonite were removed with and without UV rays, respectively. DEA was more effective as a photocatalyst than TiO2 during UV application. The ∑12 PAH removal ratio reached 88 % with the addition of DEA to the bentonite. It was concluded that PAHs were photodegraded at high ratios when the bentonite samples were exposed to UV radiation in the presence of a photocatalyst. At the end of all the PAH removal applications, higher evaporation ratios were obtained for 3-ring compounds than for heavier ones. More than 60 % of the amount of ∑12 PAH evaporated consisted of 3-ring compounds.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bucheli TD, Blum F, Desaules A, Gustafsson O (2004) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, black carbon, and molecular markers in soils of Switzerland. Chemosphere 56(11):1061–1076. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.06.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bunce NJ, Kumar Y, Ravanal L, Safe S (1978) Photochemistry of chlorinated biphenyls in isooctane solution. J Chem Soc 2:880–884

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai QY, Mo CH, Wu QT, Zeng QY, Katsoyiannis A (2007a) Quantitative determination of organic priority pollutants in the composts of sewage sludge with rice straw by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1143(1–2):207–214. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cai QY, Mo CH, Wu QT, Zeng QY, Katsoyiannis A, Ferard JF (2007b) Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-contaminated sewage sludge by different composting processes. J Hazard Mater 142(1–2):535–542. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.08.062

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chai YZ, Qiu XJ, Davis JW, Budinsky RA, Bartels MJ, Saghir SA (2007) Effects of black carbon and montmorillonite clay on multiphasic hexachlorobenzene desorption from sediments. Chemosphere 69(8):1204–1212. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Changchaivong S, Khaodhiar S (2009) Adsorption of naphthalene and phenanthrene on dodecylpyridinium-modified bentonite. Appl Clay Sci 43(3–4):317–321. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2008.09.012

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chimeddorj M (2007) Determination of dehumidifier (desiccant) propertıes of several bentonites Istanbul Technical University

  • Demirel H, Karapınar N, Akça K (1995) Use of Bentonite and Other Clays as an Adsorbent. Paper presented at the Industrial Raw Materials Symposium

  • Diaz-Nava MC, Olguin MT, Solache-Rios M (2012) Adsorption of phenol onto surfactants modified bentonite. J Incl Phenom Macrocycl 74(1–4):67–75. doi:10.1007/s10847-011-0084-6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dong DB, Li PJ, Li XJ, Xu CB, Gong DW, Zhang YQ, Zhao Q, Li P (2010) Photocatalytic degradation of phenanthrene and pyrene on soil surfaces in the presence of nanometer rutile TiO2 under UV-irradiation. Chem Eng J 158(3):378–383. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2009.12.046

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esen F, Tasdemir Y, Vardar N (2008) Atmospheric concentrations of PAHs, their possible sources and gas-to-particle partitioning at a residential site of Bursa, Turkey. Atmos Res 88(3–4):243–255. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.11.022

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flotron V, Delteil C, Padellec Y, Camel V (2005) Removal of sorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil, sludge and sediment samples using the Fenton's reagent process. Chemosphere 59(10):1427–1437. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.12.065

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman PK, Srinivasa R, Campbell JA, Deinzer ML (1986) The Photochemistry of Polyhaloarenes.5. Fragmentation Pathways in Polychlorobenzene Radical-Anions. J Am Chem Soc 108(18):5531–5536. doi:10.1021/Ja00278a027

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grisdanurak N, Akewaranugulsiri S, Futalan CM, Tsai WC, Kan CC, Hsu CW, Wan MW (2012) The study of copper adsorption from aqueous solution using crosslinked chitosan immobilized on bentonite. J Appl Polym Sci 125:E132–E142. doi:10.1002/App.35541

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guieysse B, Viklund G, Toes AC, Mattiasson B (2004) Combined UV-biological degradation of PAHs. Chemosphere 55(11):1493–1499. doi:10.1016/chemosphere.2004.01.021

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawthorne SB, Grabanski CB (2000) Vaporization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from sediments at ambient conditions. Environ Sci Technol 34(20):4348–4353. doi:10.1021/Es001199i

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann MR, Martin ST, Choi WY, Bahnemann DW (1995) Environmental Applications of Semiconductor Photocatalysis. Chem Rev 95(1):69–96. doi:10.1021/Cr00033a004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holtzer M, Grabowska B, Zymankowska-Kumon S, Kwasniewska-Krolikowska D, Danko R, Solarski W, Bobrowski A (2012) Harmfulness of Moulding Sands with Bentonite and Lustrous Carbon Carriers. Metalurgija 51(4):437–440

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang XY, Chen JW, Gao LN, Ding GH, Zhao Y, Schramm KW (2004) Data evaluations and quantitative predictive models for vapor pressures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at different temperatures. Sar Qsar Environ Res 15(2):115–125. doi:10.1080/10629360410001665857

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang YL, Zhang J, Zhu LZ (2013) Evaluation of the application potential of bentonites in phenanthrene bioremediation by characterizing the biofilm community. Bioresour Technol 134:17–23. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter RJ (1986) Foundation of colloid science, vol 1. Clarendon Pres, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCS (2005) Environmental Health Criteria 31 Bentonite, Kaolin and Selected Clay Minerals. World Health Organization

  • Jones KC, Stratford JA, Waterhouse KS, Vogt NB (1989) Organic Contaminants in Welsh Soils - Polynuclear Aromatic-Hydrocarbons. Environ Sci Technol 23(5):540–550. doi:10.1021/Es00063a005

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karaca G (2013) Determination of PAHs levels ın the treatment sludge, Nılufer Creek sediment and invesatigation of removal methods. Uludag University

  • Karaca G, Tasdemir Y (2011) Effect of Diethylamine on Pah Removal from Municipal Sludge under Uv Light. Fresenius Environ Bull 20(7A):1777–1784

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karaca G, Tasdemir Y (2012) Migration of PAHs in food industry sludge to the air during removal by UV and TiO2. Paper presented at the Air Quality Management at Urban, Regional and Global Scales 4th International Symposium and IUAPPA Regional Conference, 10–13 September

  • Karaca G, Tasdemir Y (2013a) Effects of Temperature and Photocatalysts on Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Automotive Industry Sludge. Polycycl Aromat Compd 33(4):380–395. doi:10.1080/10406638.2013.782880

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karaca G, Tasdemir Y (2013b) Effects of Temperature and Photocatalysts on Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Automotive Industry Sludge. Polycycl Aromat Compd 33:380–395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karaca G, Tasdemir Y (2013c) Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from industrial sludges in the ambient air conditions:Automotive Industry. J Environ Sci Health Part A Toxic Hazard Subst Environ 48:855–861

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karaca G, Tasdemir Y (2014) Migration of PAHS in food industry sludge to the air during removal by UV and TiO2. Sci Total Environ 488:358–363. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.082

    Google Scholar 

  • Karaca G, Cindoruk SS, Tasdemir Y (2014) Migration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban treatment sludge to the air during PAH removal applications. J Air Waste Manage 64(5):568–577. doi:10.1080/10962247.2013.874380

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • KarimiLotfabad S, Pickard MA, Gray MR (1996) Reactions of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons on soil. Environ Sci Technol 30(4):1145–1151. doi:10.1021/Es950365x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kot-Wasik A, Dabrowska D, Namiesnik J (2004) Photodegradation and biodegradation study of benzo(a)pyrene in different liquid media. J Photochem Photobiol A 168(1–2):109–115. doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.05.023

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kubat P, Civis S, Muck A, Barek J, Zima J (2000) Degradation of pyrene by UV radiation. J Photochem Photobiol A 132(1–2):33–36. doi:10.1016/S1010-6030(99)00245-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li K, Christensen ER, Van Camp RP, Imamoglu I (2001) PAHs in dated sediments of Ashtabula River, Ohio, USA. Environ Sci Technol 35(14):2896–2902. doi:10.1021/Es001790f

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lima AT, Ottosen LM, Heister K, Loch JPG (2012) Assessing PAH removal from clayey soil by means of electro-osmosis and electrodialysis. Sci Total Environ 435:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin YJ, Gupta G, Baker J (1995) Photodegradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners Using Simulated Sunlight and Diethylamine. Chemosphere 31(5):3323–3344. doi:10.1016/0045-6535(95)00177-A

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin YJ, Teng LS, Lee A, Chen YL (2004) Effect of photosensitizer diethylamine on the photodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls. Chemosphere 55(6):879–884. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.11.059

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mora VC, Madueno L, Peluffo M, Rosso JA, Del Panno MT, Morelli IS (2014) Remediation of phenanthrene-contaminated soil by simultaneous persulfate chemical oxidation and biodegradation processes. Environ Sci Pollut R 21(12):7548–7556. doi:10.1007/s11356-014-2687-0

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nam JJ, Thomas GO, Jaward FM, Steinnes E, Gustafsson O, Jones KC (2008) PAHs in background soils from Western Europe: influence of atmospheric deposition and soil organic matter. Chemosphere 70(9):1596–1602. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niu JF, Sun P, Schramm KW (2007) Photolysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with fly ash particles under simulated sunlight irradiation. J Photochem Photobiol A 186(1):93–98. doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.07.016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oleszczuk P, Pranagal J (2007) Influence of agricultural land use and management on the contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in selected silty soils. Water Air Soil Poll 184(1–4):195–205. doi:10.1007/s11270-007-9408-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pernot A, Ouvrard S, Leglize P, Watteau F, Derrien D, Lorgeoux C, Mansuy-Huault L, Faure P (2014) Impact of fresh organic matter incorporation on PAH fate in a contaminated industrial soil. Sci Total Environ 497:345–352. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pignatello JJ, Xing BS (1996) Mechanisms of slow sorption of organic chemicals to natural particles. Environ Sci Technol 30(1):1–11. doi:10.1021/Es940683g

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plata DL, Sharpless CM, Reddy CM (2008) Photochemical degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oil films. Environ Sci Technol 42(7):2432–2438. doi:10.1021/Es702384f

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quan X, Zhao X, Chen S, Zhao HM, Chen JW, Zhao YZ (2005) Enhancement of p, p '-DDT photodegradation on soil surfaces using TiO2 induced by UV-light. Chemosphere 60(2):266–273. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.044

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rababah A, Matsuzawa S (2002) Treatment system for solid matrix contaminated with fluoranthene. II - Recirculating photodegradation technique. Chemosphere 46(1):49–57. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00090-X

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renoldi F, Lietti L, Saponaro S, Bonomo L, Forzatti P (2003) Thermal desorption of a PAH-contaminated soil: a case study. Adv Ecol Sci 18–19:1123–1132

    Google Scholar 

  • Saito HH, Bucala V, Howard JB, Peters WA (1998) Thermal removal of pyrene contamination from soil: basic studies and environmental health implications. Environ Health Perspect 106:1097–1107. doi:10.2307/3434157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salihoglu NK, Karaca G, Salihoglu G, Tasdemir Y (2012) Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from municipal sludge using UV light. Desalin Water Treat 44(1–3):324–333. doi:10.5004/dwt.2012.2784

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santi CA, Cortes S, D'Acqui LP, Sparvoli E, Pushparaj B (2008) Reduction of organic pollutants in olive mill wastewater by using different mineral substrates as adsorbents. Bioresour Technol 99(6):1945–1951. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.03.022

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar B, Xi YF, Megharaj M, Krishnamurti GSR, Bowman M, Rose H, Naidu R (2012) Bioreactive organoclay: a new technology for environmental remediation. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 42(5):435–488. doi:10.1080/10643389.2010.518524

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah LA, Khattak NS, Valenzuela MGS, Manan A, Diaz FRV (2013a) Preparation and characterization of purified Na-activated bentonite from Karak (Pakistan) for pharmaceutical use. Clay Miner 48(4):595–603. doi:10.1180/claymin.2013.048.4.03

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah LA, Valenzuela MDD, Ehsan AM, Diaz FRV, Khattak NS (2013b) Characterization of Pakistani purified bentonite suitable for possible pharmaceutical application. Appl Clay Sci 83–84:50–55. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2013.08.007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Şide N (2013) The investigation of the removal of a textile dye from aqueous solution by using a chemically modified bentonite. Anadolu University, Science Institute, Master Thesis Eskişehir, Turkey

  • Smith JA, Jaffe PR (1994) Benzene Transport through Landfill Liners Containing Organophilic Bentonite. J Environ Eng ASCE 120(6):1559–1577. doi:10.1061/(Asce)0733-9372(1994)120:6(1559)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sponza DT, Gok O (2011) Effects of sludge retention time and biosurfactant on the treatment of polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in a petrochemical industry wastewater. Water Sci Technol 64(11):2282–2292. doi:10.2166/Wst.2011.734

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens JL, Northcott GL, Stern GA, Tomy GT, Jones KC (2003) PAHs, PCBs, PCNs, organochlorine pesticides, synthetic musks, and polychlorinated n-alkanes in UK sewage sludge: survey results and implications. Environ Sci Technol 37(3):462–467. doi:10.1021/Es020161y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tansel B, Lee M, Tansel DZ (2013) Comparison of fate profiles of PAHs in soil, sediments and mangrove leaves after oil spills by QSAR and QSPR. Mar Pollut Bull 73(1):258–262. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tasdemir Y, Vardar N, Odabasi M, Holsen TM (2004) Concentrations and gas/particle partitioning of PCBs in Chicago. Environ Pollut 131(1):35–44. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2004.02.031

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tian SL, Zhu LZ, Shi Y (2004) Characterization of sorption mechanisms of VOCs with organobentonites using a LSER approach. Environ Sci Technol 38(2):489–495. doi:10.1021/Es034541a

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trably E, Patureau D (2006) Successful treatment of low PAH-contaminated sewage sludge in aerobic bioreactors. Environ Sci Pollut R 13(3):170–176. doi:10.1065/espr2005.06.263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vardar N, Noll KE (2003) Atmospheric PAH concentrations in fine and coarse particles. Environ Monit Assess 87(1):81–92. doi:10.1023/A:1024489930083

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang DG, Chen JW, Xu Z, Qiao XL, Huang LP (2005) Disappearance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons sorbed on surfaces of pine [Pinua thunbergii] needles under irradiation of sunlight: volatilization and photolysis. Atmos Environ 39(25):4583–4591. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang YW, Zhang QH, Lv JX, Li A, Liu HX, Li GG, Jiang GB (2007) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in sewage sludge of wastewater treatment plants in China. Chemosphere 68(9):1683–1691. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.03.060

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Liu CS, Li FB, Liu CP, Liang JB (2009) Photodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pyrene by iron oxide in solid phase. J Hazard Mater 162(2–3):716–723. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.086

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Wang SR, Luo CL, Xu Y, Pan SH, Li J, Ming LL, Zhang G, Li XD (2015) Influence of rice growth on the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a subtropical paddy field: a life cycle study. Chemosphere 119:1233–1239. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wen S, Zhao JC, Sheng GY, Fu JM, Peng PA (2003) Photocatalytic reactions of pyrene at TiO2/water interfaces. Chemosphere 50(1):111–119. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00420-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woo OT, Chung WK, Wong KH, Chow AT, Wong PK (2009) Photocatalytic oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: intermediates identification and toxicity testing. J Hazard Mater 168(2–3):1192–1199. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang HB, Luo YM, Wong MH, Zhao QG, Zhang GL (2006a) Distributions and concentrations of PAHs in Hong Kong soils. Environ Pollut 141(1):107–114. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.08.031

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang LH, Li PJ, Gong ZQ, Adeola O (2006b) Photochemical behavior of benzo[a]pyrene on soil surfaces under UV light irradiation. J Environ Sci-China 18(6):1226–1232. doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(06)60067-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang LH, Li PJ, Gong ZQ, Li XM (2008) Photocatalytic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on soil surfaces using TiO2 under UV light. J Hazard Mater 158(2–3):478–484. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang LH, Xu CB, Chen ZL, Li XM, Li PJ (2010) Photodegradation of pyrene on soil surfaces under UV light irradiation. J Hazard Mater 173(1–3):168–172. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.08.059

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao X, Quan M, Zhao HM, Chen S, Zhao YZ, Chen JW (2004) Different effects of humic substances on photodegradation of p, p'-DDT on soil surfaces in the presence of TiO2 under UV and visible light. J Photochem Photobiol A 167(2–3):177–183. doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.05.003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng XJ, Blais JF, Mercier G, Bergeron M, Drogui P (2007) PAH removal from spiked municipal wastewater sewage sludge using biological, chemical and electrochemical treatments. Chemosphere 68(6):1143–1152. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.01.052

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou WJ, Wang XH, Chen CP, Zhu LZ (2013) Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from surfactant solutions by selective sorption with organo-bentonite. Chem Eng J 233:251–257. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2013.08.040

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu LZ, Li YM, Zhang JY (1997) Sorption of organobentonites to some organic pollutants in water. Environ Sci Technol 31(5):1407–1410. doi:10.1021/Es960641n

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by The Commission of Scientific Research Projects of the Uludag University with Project Number: UAP (M) 2009/20. The authors would like to thank to Emel Yıldırım for her tiresome efforts during the laboratory studies.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Uludag University, 16059, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey

    Gizem Karaca, Hüseyin S. Baskaya & Yücel Tasdemir

Authors
  1. Gizem Karaca
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hüseyin S. Baskaya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yücel Tasdemir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gizem Karaca.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Highlights

• Removal of PAHs from bentonite was investigated here for the first time

• A device was designed and applied successfully during PAH removal experiments

• Effects of UV and photo-catalysts on PAH removal were investigated

• During PAH removal applications, evaporated PAHs amounts were determined

• Removed and evaporated PAH ratios varied between 44–88 and 0.3–2.5 %, respectively

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Karaca, G., Baskaya, H.S. & Tasdemir, Y. Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from inorganic clay mineral: Bentonite. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 242–252 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5676-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5676-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation