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A multibiomarker evaluation of urban, industrial, and agricultural exposure of small characins in a large freshwater basin in southern Brazil

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Abstract

Iguaçu River is the second most polluted river of Brazil. It receives agrochemicals and contaminants of urban and industrial sources along its course. A multibiomarker approach was employed here to evaluate the health of a small characin (Astyanax spp.) at two sites along the river, sampled during a dry (autumn) and a rainy (spring) season. Biomarkers were condition factor and somatic indices (gonads and liver); genetic damage (comet assay and micronucleus test); enzyme activities such as hepatic catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), lipoperoxidation (LPO), branchial and renal carbonic anhydrase (CA), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the muscle and the brain, histopathology of the liver and gills, and concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bile. There were no consistent differences in biomarker responses between the two study sites. Some biomarkers revealed greater potential impact in the rainy season, when increased amounts of contaminants are washed into the river (combined CAT inhibition and LPO increase, CA upregulation). Other biomarkers, however, revealed potential greater impact in the dry season, when contaminants potentially concentrate (GST induction, AChE inhibition, and liver histopathological alterations). Although of a complex nature, field experiments such as this provide rich data for monitoring protocols and assessment of general risk of exposure to pollutants of river systems.

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Acknowledgments and Compliance with ethical standards

Funding

This study was funded by “Fundação Araucária,” Research Support Foundation of the State of Paraná, Brazil (grant number 9342-067/2007). Authors also thank SIMEPAR for the supply of hydrological parameters of the sampling sites.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Welfare of animals

The handling of experimental animals was in agreement with current Brazilian laws of experimental animals welfare. Given that animals were caught in nature under the permanent permit (#10320-1) held by Dr Vinicius Abilhoa, of the Capão da Imbuia Natural History Museum (MHNCI), without further experimental manipulation, a specific permit from the Commission on Ethics in Animal Research was not necessary. This article also complies with all ethical procedures on scientific publications.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Fisiologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, CEP 81531-990, Brazil

    Carolina A. Freire, Luciana R. Souza-Bastos & Viviane Prodocimo

  2. Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil

    Flávio H. Tincani, Laercio D. S. Piancini & Marta M. Cestari

  3. Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil

    Helena C. Silva-de-Assis

  4. Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil

    Juliana Chiesse, Marco A. F. Randi & Ciro A. de Oliveira-Ribeiro

  5. Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Setor de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil

    Jean R. S. Vitule

  6. Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia, Curitiba, Brazil

    Vinícius Abilhoa

  7. Institutos Lactec, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

    Leonardo P. Bastos

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  1. Carolina A. Freire
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  2. Luciana R. Souza-Bastos
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  3. Juliana Chiesse
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  4. Flávio H. Tincani
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  5. Laercio D. S. Piancini
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  6. Marco A. F. Randi
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  7. Viviane Prodocimo
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  8. Marta M. Cestari
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  9. Helena C. Silva-de-Assis
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  10. Vinícius Abilhoa
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  11. Jean R. S. Vitule
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  12. Leonardo P. Bastos
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  13. Ciro A. de Oliveira-Ribeiro
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Correspondence to Carolina A. Freire.

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Freire, C.A., Souza-Bastos, L.R., Chiesse, J. et al. A multibiomarker evaluation of urban, industrial, and agricultural exposure of small characins in a large freshwater basin in southern Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 13263–13277 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4585-5

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