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High abundances of dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids, and α-dicarbonyls in fine aerosols (PM2.5) in Chengdu, China during wintertime haze pollution

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Abstract

Daytime and nighttime fine aerosol (PM2.5) samples were collected during a haze episode in January 2013 within the urban area of Chengdu, southwest China. Aerosol samples were analyzed for low-molecular-weight homologous dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyls, as well as organic carbon and elemental carbon. Concentration ranges of diacids, oxoacids, and α-dicarbonyls were 1,400–5,250, 272–1,380, and 88–220 ng m−3, respectively. Molecular distributions of diacids (mean 3,388 ± 943 ng m−3) were characterized by a predominance of oxalic acid (C2; 1,373 ± 427 ng m−3), followed by succinic (C4), terephthalic (tPh), and phthalic (Ph) acids. Such high levels of tPh and Ph were different from those in other Asian cities where malonic acid (C3) is the second or third highest species, mostly owing to significant emissions from coal combustion and uncontrolled waste incineration. High contents of diacids, oxoacids, and α-dicarbonyls were detected on hazy days, suggesting an enhanced emission and/or formation of these organics during such a weather condition. Concentrations of unsaturated aliphatic diacids (e.g., maleic acid) and phthalic acids were higher in nighttime than in daytime. Good positive correlations of C2 with C3, C4, ketomalonic (kC3), pyruvic (Pyr), and glyoxylic (ɷC2) acids in daytime suggest secondary production of C2 via the photooxidation of longer chain diacids and ɷC2. This study demonstrated that both primary emissions and secondary production are important sources of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in atmospheric aerosols in the Sichuan Basin.

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Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41173022, 41175106), the West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the “Strategic Priority Research Program (B)” of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB05030305). This study was also in part supported by Grant-in-aid No. 24221001 from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS). P.F. appreciates the financial support from the “One Hundred Talents” program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The authors thank Mr. Lv Long for his help during sample collection. All data presented in this paper are freely available upon request.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, China

    Xiao-dong Li, Zhou Yang & Yun-chao Lang

  2. State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China

    Pingqing Fu

  3. State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China

    Jing Yu

  4. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China

    Di Liu

  5. Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan

    Kaori Ono & Kimitaka Kawamura

  6. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Zhou Yang

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Li, Xd., Yang, Z., Fu, P. et al. High abundances of dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids, and α-dicarbonyls in fine aerosols (PM2.5) in Chengdu, China during wintertime haze pollution. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 12902–12918 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4548-x

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