Abstract
Due to heavy traffic emissions within an urban environment, air quality during the last decade becomes worse year by year and hazard to public health. In the present work, numerical modeling of flow and dispersion of gaseous emissions from vehicle exhaust in a street canyon were investigated under changes of the aspect ratio and wind direction. The three-dimensional flow and dispersion of gaseous pollutants were modeled using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model which was numerically solved using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations. The diffusion flow field in the atmospheric boundary layer within the street canyon was studied for different aspect ratios (W/H = 1/2, 3/4, and 1) and wind directions (θ = 90°, 112.5°, 135°, and 157.5°). The numerical models were validated against wind tunnel results to optimize the turbulence model. The numerical results agreed well with the wind tunnel results. The simulation demonstrated that the minimum concentration at the human respiration height within the street canyon was on the windward side for aspect ratios W/H = 1/2 and 1 and wind directions θ = 112.5°, 135°, and 157.5°. The pollutant concentration level decreases as the wind direction and aspect ratio increase. The wind velocity and turbulence intensity increase as the aspect ratio and wind direction increase.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ANSYS Inc. (2010) Fluent software. http://www.fluent.com
Assimakopoulos VD, Apsimon HM, Moussiopoulos NA (2003) Numerical study of atmospheric pollutant dispersion in different two-dimensional street canyon configurations. Atmos Environ 37(29):4037–4049
Baik J-J, Kim J-J (2002) On the escape of pollutants from urban street canyons. Atmos Environ 36:527–536
Baik J-J, Park R-S, Chun H-Y, Kim J-J (2000) A laboratory model of urban street-canyon flows. J Appl Meteorol 39:1592–1600
Caton F, Britter RE, Dalziel S (2003) Dispersion mechanisms in a street canyon. Atmos Environ 37:693–702
Chan TL, Dong G, Cheung CS, Leung CW, Wong CP, Wung WT (2001a) A Monte Carlo simulation of nitrogen oxides dispersion from a vehicular exhaust plume and its sensitivity studies. Atmos Environ 35:6117–6127
Chan AT, Au WTW, So ESP (2001b) Strategic guidelines for street canyon geometry to achieve sustainable street air quality. Atmos Environ 35:5681–5691
Chan AT, Au WTW, So ESP (2003) Strategic guidelines for street canyon geometry to achieve sustainable street air quality—part II: multiple canopies and canyons. Atmos Environ 37:2761–2772
Chang JC, Hanna SR (2004) Air quality model performance evaluation. Meteorog Atmos Phys 87:167–196
Chang CH, Meroney RN (2001) Numerical and physical modeling of bluff body flow and dispersion in urban street canyons. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 89(14–15):1325–1334
Cheng WC, Liu C-H, Leung DYC (2009) On the correlation of air and pollutant exchange for street canyons in combined wind-buoyancy-driven flow. Atmos Environ 43:3682–3690
Costabile F, Allegrini I (2007) Measurements and analyses of nitrogen oxides and ozone in the yard and on the roof of a street-canyon in Suzhou. Atmos Environ 41:6637–6647
DePaul FT, Sheih CM (1986) Measurements of wind velocities in a street canyon. Atmos Environ 20:455–459
Di Sabatino S, Buccolieri R, Pulvirenti B, Britter RE (2008) Flow and pollutant dispersion in street canyons using FLUENT and ADMS-Urban. Environ Model Assess 13:369–381
Eliasson I, Offerle B, Grimmond CSB, Lindqvist S (2006) Wind fields and turbulence statistics in an urban street canyon. Atmos Environ 40:1–16
Hanna SR (1988) Air quality model evaluation and uncertainty. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 38:406–412
Hanna SR (1989) Confidence limits for air quality model evaluations as estimated by bootstrap and jackknife resampling methods. Atmos Environ 23:1385–1398
Hanna SR (1993) Uncertainties in air quality model predictions. Bound-Layer Meteorol 62:3–20
Hanna SR, Chang JC, Strimaitis DG (1993a) Hazardous gas model evaluation with field observations. Atmos Environ 27A:2265–2285
Hanna SR, Chang JC, Strimaitis DG (1993b) Hazardous gas model evaluation with field observations. Atmos Environ 27A:2265–2285
Huang Y, Jin M, Sun Y (2006) Numerical studies on airflow and pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons formed by slanted roof buildings. J Hydrodyn 19(1):100–106
Jeong SJ, Andrews MJ (2002) Application of the k–ε turbulence model to the high Reynolds number skimming flow field of an urban street canyon. Atmos Environ 36:1137–1145
Kastner-Klein P, Plate EJ (1999) Wind-tunnel study of concentration fields in street canyons. Atmos Environ 33:3973–3979
Kastner-Klein P, Fedorovich E, Rotach MW (2001) A wind tunnel study of organized and turbulent air motions in urban street canyons. J Wind Eng Aerodyn 89:849–861
Kastner-Klein P, Berkowicz R, Britter R (2004) The influence of street architecture on flow and dispersion in streets canyons. Meteorog Atmos Phys 87:121–131
Kim J-J, Baik J-J (2004) A numerical study of the effects of ambient wind direction on flow and dispersion in urban street canyons using the RNG k–ε turbulence model. Atmos Environ 38:3039–3048
Koutsourakis N, Neofytou P, Venetsanos AG, Bartzis JG (2004) Parametric study of the dispersion aspects in a street canyon area. Int J Environ Pollut 25:155–163
Launder BE, Spalding DE (1974) The numerical computation of turbulent flows. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 3:269–289
Lee IY, Park HM (1994) Parameterization of the pollutant transport and dispersion in urban street canyons. Atmos Environ 28:2343–2349
Li X-X, Liu C, Leung DYC (2009) Numerical investigation of pollutant transport characteristics inside deep urban street canyons. Atmos Environ 43:2410–2418
Liu CH, Barth MC (2002) Large-eddy simulation of flow and scalar transport in a modeled street. J Appl Meteorol 41:660–673
Louka P, Belcher SE, Harrison RG (2000) Coupling between air flow in streets and the well-developed boundary layer aloft. Atmos Environ 34:2613–2621
Murena F, Favale G, Vardoulakis S, Solazzo E (2009) Modeling dispersion of traffic pollution in a deep street canyon: application of CFD and operational models. Atmos Environ 43:2303–2311
Nazridoust K, Ahmadi G (2006) Airflow and pollutant transport in street canyons. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 94(6):491–522
Oke TO (1988) Street design and urban canopy layer climate. Energy Build 11:103–113
Patankar SV (1980) Numerical heat transfer and fluid flow. McGraw-Hill, New York
Patel VC, Kumar A (1998) Evaluation of three air dispersion models: ISCST2, ISCLT2, and screen2 for mercury emissions in an urban area. Environ Monit Assess 53:259–277
Pavageau M, Schatzmann M (1999) Wind tunnel measurements of concentration fluctuation in an urban street canopy. Atmos Environ 33:3961–3971
Rotach MW (1995) Profiles of turbulence statistics in and above an urban street canyon Atmospheric. Environment 29:1473–1486
Sagrado APG, Beeck J, Rambaud P, Olivari D (2002) Numerical and experimental modeling of pollutant dispersion in a street canyon. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 90(4–5):321–339
Shih TH, Liou WW, Shabbir A, Yang Z, Zhu J (1995) A new κ–ε eddy viscosity model for high Reynolds number turbulent flows. Comput Fluids 24:227–238
Soulhac L, Salizzoni P (2010) Dispersion in a street canyon for a wind direction parallel to the street axis. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 98:903–910
Xia J, Leung DYC (2001) Pollutant dispersion in urban street canopies. Atmos Environ 35:2033–2043
Xia JY, Hussaini MY, Leung DYC (2005) Numerical simulation of street canyon flows with simple building geometries. J Environ Eng 131(7):1099–1105
Xiaomin X, Zhen H, Jiasong W (2005) Impact of building configuration on air quality in street canyon. Atmos Environ 39(25):4519–4530
Xiaomin X, Zhen H, Jiasong W (2006) The impact of urban street layout on local atmospheric environment. Build Environ 41:1352–1363
Yakhot V, Orszag SA, Thangam S, Gatski TB, Speziale CG (1992) Development of turbulence models for shear flows by a double expansion technique. Phys Fluids 4(7):1510–1520
Yassin MF (2011) Impact of height and shape of building roof on air quality in urban street canyons. Atmos Environ 45(29):5220–5229
Yassin MF, Ohba M (2012) Experimental simulation of air quality in street canyon under changes of building orientation and aspect ratio. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 22(5):502–515
Yassin MF, Kellnerov R, Janour Z (2008) Impact of street intersections on air quality in an urban environment. Atmos Environ 42(20):4948–4963
Acknowledgments
The author is grateful to anonymous reviewers for providing valuable comments on this work. This work was carried out with funding from Kuwait University under project research No. WE01/11.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Michael Matthies
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yassin, M.F. Numerical modeling on air quality in an urban environment with changes of the aspect ratio and wind direction. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20, 3975–3988 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1270-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1270-9