Abstract
Purpose
Industrial emissions can raise urban background levels of inhalable Mn particles in an order of magnitude above normal, eclipsing the contribution made by natural sources and traffic.
Methods
The source of such emissions can be identified using a multidisciplinary approach which integrates ICP-MS chemical analyses of PM10 and PM2.5 samples with positive matrix factorization source apportionment modelling, scanning electron microscopy and meteorological data.
Results
We apply this methodology to data from Santander (N Spain), where morning Mn-bearing industrial contamination sourcing from the SW is returned towards the city by afternoon NE sea breezes. This wind direction reversal carries the industrial pollution plume inland, detectably raising urban background levels of MnPM10 in the town of Torrelavega 20 km away. Industrially sourced daily urban background Mn levels at Santander reach >1,000 ng/m3, average >150 ng/m3.
Conclusions
We demonstrate the anomalous nature of such concentrations by comparing them with >2,500 PM10 chemical analyses of ambient PM10 from other sites in Spain which show how current background Mn levels in urban air typically average only 10 ng/m3, rising to 20–25 ng/m3 in city traffic sites. Daily levels of atmospheric Mn PM10 only rarely exceed 50 ng/m3, usually during desert dust intrusions which, in extreme cases (such as Canary Islands “calima” events from Africa) can produce Mn concentrations of 100–125 ng/m3.
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Acknowledgments
This study has been financially supported by the Spanish Ministry of the Environment and the Plan Nacional de I + D from the Ministry of Education and Science (MMA 2006_EG0X2006-M-PARTICULADO-M1, GRACCIE: CONSOLIDER- INGENIO 2010 nº 22422). The authors are indebted to Mª Luisa Pérez García, José Ramón Lomba and personnel of the Centro de Investigación del Medio Ambiente CIMA, Consejería de Medio Ambiente, of the Cantabrian Government for their collaboration with this study and the high quality of the monitoring data.
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Moreno, T., Pandolfi, M., Querol, X. et al. Manganese in the urban atmosphere: identifying anomalous concentrations and sources. Environ Sci Pollut Res 18, 173–183 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-010-0353-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-010-0353-8