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Sauvignon blanc metabolomics: grape juice metabolites affecting the development of varietal thiols and other aroma compounds in wines

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Abstract

The pathway for the biogenesis of varietal thiols, such as 3-mercaptohexanol (3MH), 3-mercaptohexyl acetate (3MHA) and 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one (4MMP) in Sauvignon blanc (SB) wines is still an open question. Varietal thiol development requires yeast activity, but poor correlation has been found between thiols and their putative respective precursors. This research is the first application of metabolomics to unravel metabolites in the grape juice that affect the production of varietal thiols in wines. Comprehensive metabolite profiling of 63 commercially harvested SB juices were performed by combining gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These juices were fermented under controlled laboratory conditions using a commercial yeast strain (EC1118) at 15 °C. Correlation of thiol concentration in the wines with initial metabolite profiles identified 24 metabolites that showed positive correlation (R > 0.3) with both 3MH and 3MHA, while only glutamine had positive correlation with 4MMP. Subsequently, we carried out juice manipulation experiments by adding subsets of these 24 metabolites in a 2011 SB grape juice in order to validate the hypotheses generated by metabolomics. The juice manipulation results confirmed metabolomics hypotheses and revealed grape juice metabolites that significantly impact on the development of three major varietal thiols and other aroma compounds of SB wines.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Dr Katya Ruggerio, Victor Obolonkin and Raphael Aggio (SBS, University of Auckland) and to Kim-Anh Le Cao (University of Queensland, Australia) for statistical advice during the study. We also thank Mandy Herbst-Johnstone (Wine Science, University of Auckland), Soon Lee and Dang-Dung Nguyen (SBS, University of Auckland) for technical help. Funding for the project was provided by New Zealand Winegrowers, The New Zealand Ministry of Science and Innovation (contracts C11X1005) and the University of Auckland. We acknowledge the contribution of the winemakers and wineries around New Zealand for supplying grape juices for this project, including Andy Frost (Pernod Ricard), Hamish Clark (Saint Clair), Jody Hastie (VinPro, Otago), Kate Radburnd (C.J. Pask winery), Vidal wines, Trinity Hills Estate, and Constellation New Zealand. FP is a recipient of a New Zealand International Doctoral Research Scholarship (NZIDRS) from Education New Zealand and she is currently working as Post-doctoral Scientist in New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Microbial Innovation, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand

    Farhana R. Pinu, Richard C. Gardner & Silas G. Villas-Boas

  2. Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand

    Patrick J. B. Edwards

  3. Wine Science Programme, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand

    Sara Jouanneau, Paul A. Kilmartin & Richard C. Gardner

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  1. Farhana R. Pinu
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  2. Patrick J. B. Edwards
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  3. Sara Jouanneau
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  4. Paul A. Kilmartin
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  5. Richard C. Gardner
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  6. Silas G. Villas-Boas
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Correspondence to Silas G. Villas-Boas.

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Fig. S1

Weight loss of Sauvignon blanc ferments supplemented with different metabolites. Fermentation took place in 250-mL flasks containing 200-mL of juice, incubated at 15 °C under 100 rpm agitation. Data points show average weight loss (n = 3). GABA = γ-amino butyric acid, GSH = S-3-(hexan-1-ol)-glutathione, Cys-3MH = 3-S-cysteinylglycine hexan-1-ol, Cys-4MMP = 4-(4-methylpentan-2-one)-L-cysteine, DAP = Diammonium phosphate, YAN = Yeast assimiliable nitrogen, S-ethyl-cys = S-ethyl-cysteine and R > 0.40 = metabolites that had correlation coefficient (R) greater than 0.40 with varietal thiols (TIFF 7630 kb)

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Pinu, F.R., Edwards, P.J.B., Jouanneau, S. et al. Sauvignon blanc metabolomics: grape juice metabolites affecting the development of varietal thiols and other aroma compounds in wines. Metabolomics 10, 556–573 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-013-0615-9

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