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Genome size and ploidy levels in highly fragmented habitats: the case of western Mediterranean Juniperus (Cupressaceae) with special emphasis on J. thurifera L.

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Abstract

Mediterranean junipers are of special ecological importance as key components of resource islands in semi-arid mountain ecosystems of the Mediterranean basin. The fragmentation of their habitat, which was primarily natural and driven by climatic drought conditions, is currently being aggravated by anthropogenic pressure. In the framework of this concern, the present work aims to contribute establishing a genomic profile of Juniperus in its western Mediterranean range, with a special emphasis placed on J. thurifera. DNA contents were assessed by flow cytometry in 43 populations of nine taxa within their Mediterranean range (first reports for J. navicularis, J. thurifera subsp. africana and J. thurifera subsp. thurifera). Chromosome numbers were determined by orcein staining in eight taxa (first counts for J. oxycedrus subsp. badia, J. phoenicea subsp. phoenicea, J. phoenicea subsp. turbinata, of 2n = 2x = 22, and for J. thurifera subsp. thurifera, of 2n = 4x = 44). Tetraploid cytotypes have been the only ones found in the 19 populations of J. thurifera studied, this being the first report of a Juniperus species exclusively polyploid. In J. thurifera, C-value does not respond to habitat fragmentation, in the same way that genetic diversity within populations was previously shown to be unaltered, suggesting that this factor has not had, at least to date, a significant impact on populations at genomic and genetic levels. Habitat fragmentation leads to deeply age-biased populations with a male-biased imbalanced sex ratio (lack of females), indicating an urgent need to improve regeneration within the populations of this species.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank MÁ Canela for his advice on statistics, SC Brown and O Catrice for supplying Petunia hybrida and Pisum sativum used as internal standards; J Comas, R Álvarez and R López for technical support in flow cytometry; M Veny for keeping the collections of living plants and S Vilandrau for help in collecting material in the field. We thank S Pyke for improving the English of the text and three anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. The collaboration of the Proyecto Forestal Ibérico forest tree nursery is also acknowledged. This work was subsidized by the Dirección General de Enseñanza Superior, Spain (project PB 97/1134), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain (projects CGL2010-22234-C02-01 and 02 / BOS) and the Generalitat de Catalunya, Catalonia (Ajuts a grups de recerca consolidats 2005/SGR/00344 and 2009/SGR/00439). AR was funded by “Proyectos Intramurales de Incorporación del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas: project 2009930I161”. OH received a Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral grant from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.

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  1. Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

    Angel Romo & Teresa Garnatje

  2. Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

    Oriane Hidalgo & Joan Vallès

  3. Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Dendrologii, Kórnik, Poland

    Adam Boratyński, Karolina Sobierajska & Anna Katarzyna Jasińska

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  1. Angel Romo
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Communicated by G. G. Vendramin

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Romo, A., Hidalgo, O., Boratyński, A. et al. Genome size and ploidy levels in highly fragmented habitats: the case of western Mediterranean Juniperus (Cupressaceae) with special emphasis on J. thurifera L.. Tree Genetics & Genomes 9, 587–599 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-012-0581-9

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